Page 2 Ashley, Jacques, Smith • A Nutrition Survey Review of Literature While innumerable sources exist associated with nutrition and its complicated application, our study focused on literature that targeted nutrition principles relevant for and related to collegiate athletes/athletics. From our in-depth look into the literature, we found that one of the most common subjects of nutrition research in the collegiate athlete setting were members of Division I institutions (Andrews, et. al., Rosenbloom, et. al., Madrigal, et.al., Smith-Rockwell, et. al., etc.). Far fewer sources researched nutrition topics in lower Divisions. There are a few obvious differences between Division I, Division II, and Division III schools such as size and level of competition. Other factors such as access to nutrition professionals, quality of food provided, and standard nutrition education are also present between these different institutions (Karpinski). Because of this, our research seeks to provide information about a comparatively understudied portion of collegiate athletes, namely Division II, small-school, student-athletes. Regardless of Division, there are many important trends in the existing literature regarding the nutrition knowledge of student-athletes. Although the literature uses many different questionnaires, food-logs, and interventions, they often have very similar topics of study. Athletes’ knowledge about basic nutrition was one of the most common nutrition topics studied (Abbey, et. al., Trakman, et. al., Andrews, et. al., Smith-Rockwell, et. al., etc.). Commonly, the studies used some form of questionnaire to assess the athletes’ knowledge. While many different questionnaires appear throughout the literature, studies commonly used the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire developed by Parameter and Wardle (Parameter and Wardle). Parameter and Wardle’s questionnaire allows the researcher to learn about the connection between the patient’s knowledge of nutrition and their dietary behaviors (Parameter and Wardle). While this exact questionnaire appears in more of the literature of the early 2000’s (the questionnaire was first developed in 1999), recent studies still use the original or slightly modified version of this questionnaire (DicksonSpillman, et. al., Spronk, et. al.). Different Types of Questionnaires Another common type of questionnaire used by researchers more recently are questionnaires specifically about nutrition knowledge important for sports. In the last few years, researchers Trakman, Forsyth, Hoye, and Belski have been some of the driving leaders in the formation of questionnaires specifically about sports nutrition knowledge (Trakman, et. al. 2017). Their questionnaire, the nutrition for sport knowledge questionnaire (NSKQ), created in 2017, is made up of several unidimensional subsections that include weight management, macronutrients, micronutrients, sports nutrition, supplements, and alcohol (Trakman, et. al.). This questionnaire was designed so that an individual can use each subsection by itself, or use the entire questionnaire as whole (Trakman, et. al. 2017). Because of this format, the study may be applied to several different ages, populations, and gender (Trakman, et. al. 2017). Trachman et. al. also
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