The Cedarville Herald, Volume 31, Numbers 27-52

- «Kt“ *a* f,.,«.|.W I.">'|> -.’As^Vl.y •^if^ge»a<icwiw^jrtfnrt imr^T'Cmr j"pmii iii. ij +„' NOTICE ■> i •tfI o . ‘4 Tlie cost of Sweet Marie Toilet Soap has hem figured very close eo as to enable us to oTfer to the public a Superior Toilet Soap at a moderate price, and, as the dealers profit is much less than ou other Toilet Soaps? many of them have refused to hhndle it. * . \ ' ' ,. D O N 'T B E M I S L E D , there is no other “ just as good” “ or the same thing.’' T£ yoli expect to get full'Wide Tor Inoney" Insisf- orf~ getting Sweet Marie Toilet Soap. . ' **" ■ ,f . ■ ■ Jr' —........... •>.... • " ■ ■ ■ ,•■ ' . ■ ■ ■•0..- ■ “ Sweet Marie Toilet Soap A T 5 C E N T S A C A K E W A S N O E Q U A L IF YO U R D E A L E R . W IL L NOT SUPPLY YO U TH E F O L L O W IN G D E A L E R S W I L L S O L D b T C« E. Northup, Nagley Bios., -0 , M. Townsiey, Robt. Bird."' , Sayre& Hemphill, J. F. Norchatter, W. M. Smith, H.fH. Thrall, Hi Fishering, •Kearney Bros.'" CedanTHe.' 0 . Xenia, 0 n Fred Fraver, Bradstreet proc. Co., Chanclliss & Chandliss, ,G. O. Carpenter, _ 1 H, S. Glass& Sons, W . W . Johnson, Jenkins & Turnbull, W . F. Harper, E, A. Paullin,' C. Stephenson, & Co„ Powers & Langdou, Xenia, O. ■ ■•Uv 1 Jamestown, O. ■ It Yellow Springs, O. BowerSville, 0 . 5S!^S5JC!55 m 5« G E T O U R P R K » 0N MMmt&: * * * * » ,._ . T. BY BUYING DIRECT W HEN you buy from us you are buying at exactly-the same price-we charge a jobber or.dealer, saving all middlemen’s profits. Our catalog,is our only salesman and this cuts out heavy -Belling expenses. This explains our low prices. Being manufacturers, we offer a greater stock for selection than any retailer can possibly show. Investigate our line before you buy elsewhere. Ho, J8BW—OOMratBU* auto Scat out-undcr Driving- Waron, A very popular, stylish -wagon. ■ fiftS S f..'. $ 7 2 .0 0 ho . jWMr—> cor.tj.wmrs Medium wetrht high ................ socr ® Surrey, value in grade cut«ttrt ijjttra fine J S F M Y - .. $ 9 1 .0 0 ho . jKM— r or.t Mims Wght Surrey: c zap run­ ning; mutable for me­ dium also horse. XfiraSt *1*33 in every way. ............ $ 9 3 *3 0 OURlEADERHo. 1859 COLUMBUST0PBUG0 W6 have built this stylo of Buggy for many year* and have proven ltd merit In actual use. Wo guarantee tho equal of buggloa usually sold at retail tat from $30 to * « « . ... • * Write Today For*Free Catalog Better ntill, If you Can.do oo. visit our largo factory and ropooftory and inspect our lino. You will find it complete, up to dato and remarkably lory in prices. A binding guarantee cavern every job. tf COLUMBUS CARR IAGE & HARNESS CO. 201S South High Sheet, Colnmlras. Ohlo. NO. 1821—COI/tlMBtr* High-grade Runabout. Retail dealers ask for this class of vehicle tpfr x t m * 5 0 rro. isw— oowumbu * Hlgh-grodo- Extension Top .Surrey, Regular retail" valuo from ~jl«o HO, jUM«—COliTrMBtJS Auto .scat -Combination Buggy. A distinctive stylo, ftelio overywhero a « i , . . . $ 7 3 . S 0 DOtvht.fa An extra grade wpll HO, - . Humean, « « *,,»».« v ...... *nndo/hatwi«, , especially. *«it* able for who with n MQts *7(S 0* (Yt», asiojt^stN«*,n Driving Harness,. nno . of our - moot popular medium priced driving harness, Koto « f i n fho prico. ,v * v « w U mm HB, SRl»-i«<.tiONCi m m ^ Team Hjsineee, Extra well ntaflo and field at a price tnat makes it exceptional value. HAn fin Our price only 9 « v g w v TAFT WITLIK PAST! POLICIES AccepfaneaspaecfiKeynoteof |jticiICca tbs ea’TipaTiy <'!idF0!f3 btei c:i'sutf.i to F 'c«;n c » a t':e -c-r.t, tpvi ’c n:i a v.'feolo. j 'Hio ofcei'itlP5 at ina-liot prlrea will I I n iffljianlsi? <j> 3 t carii Istjjo PCjW.'Pticna of £3g», ?r-::ro a fair, ital aaA fooibluaitua c J io ’ j !;| bo con* trolfcfi an. that tv.<> putiSle ir-ay lrm> the advaiatsse of rcasoaaMa pstes S 6! jb !| p'Qf'p i t o m a fcwl fci (Jcsl&g Viitti h|3 nplojcr. T& q licjuiblfroa party ba& i-tssci ati m|}! 0 yaa>Ual-fi. Uy act for interstate railroad?, ansi Isao '• in. t'tuH t-lrcumt tu’e fii eliouM] tiio maliw rorimration wlsWnjj to en IURjivviy nl.' rt the tic. tif tUo tii-| tPHO to liuujncra, CsBfafgn t a HIGHPRAISEFORROOSEVELT, Republican Candidate Rebukes Oppo­ sition’* Stand an Philippine Indo* _ .****«•»*■•*«■ ■ ai ........ ' VMfpO ipwar<3 Tariff Reform Immadiately After In­ auguration if Elected—Belieyea In Income -Tax by Statutory Lav/ if Necessary Far Revenues Rather Than by Amendment to the Consti­ tution-Right* of Both Organized and Unorganized Labor Should Be Impartially Upheld. Senator Warner ami Gentlemen of the Committee: I am deeply wmcIWc of the honor which the Republican Na­ tional Convention km conferred on mo In the nomination which you formally tender, 1 accept It with full niipreola- tiou of the vooponKibllity it Imposes. Gentlemen, the. strength of the Re­ publican cause in the campaign at hand Is In tbs fact,that we represent the policies essential to the reform of known abuses, to the continuance of liberty and true prosperity, and that >ve «ro determined, os <nu*platform un- oijulvoen'liy declares, to maintain them and carry them on. For more than ten years this country passed through an epoch of material development far be­ yond any that ever occurred -to the world before, 3» its course, certain evils crept to,',. Some.prominent mid Jn- Ilueutial members of the- community, spurred by flnaneJal success and- In their hurry for greater wealth, became unmindful of tlm eototpon rules of business honesty and fidelity and of the Umitatldna imposed by law upon tlmlr action, This became known. The revelations of the breached of trust, the disclosures as to rebates and dis­ criminations by railways, the accumu­ lating evidence at the violation nr the, ahtl-trust law by a number of corpora­ tions, the oyerlssue-of stocks and bonds on Interstate railways for the unlawful enriching of directors-mid for the pur­ pose of concentrating control of rail­ ways Jn one, management, all quick­ ened the conscience of;)the people, and brought on ft moral awakening among them that,boded well-for the future of the country, - • What Roosevelt Ha* Done, , The man who formulated the expres­ sion of the popular conscience, and who led the movement tor practical reform was Theodore Roosevelt, He laid down the doctrine that the rich violator of the law should be as amenable to restraint and punishment as the of­ fender without wealth and without to* fluency, and ho proceeded by recom­ mending teglaktkm ami directing ox- oeuHve «$ttoa to make that Rrlncipto good' to astdaT pertormonce. to: fe®btoBg!® and pro*ecutl«a« to be in- atltoted under the ant?-trust birr, to en­ force its proylstons against the mo*t rmwerful of the industrial corporations, Tic* pressed to pitNrage the pure=food, law and the mcjtt inspection Jaw in the inter?it of the health of the public, clean bt>*iTi‘y <, ncthods mid great ultl- mate beui'il* to the trades themselves-; Flo ivcninnmndcii the jih.^-uge of a, law, which the"Republican convention has since Bp-'clftcflUy approved, mdvinttog the future Issue of ntockrj and bonds by Interstate railways to such ns may be atillietlml by Federal mtllmrity. Chief Function cf Next Admlniatrltion The chief fun-'llcn at the next Ad- nltoisUv.tion. to niy^fudgmeut, Is di.> tinct from, :u::l a pnvwosve develop­ ment of that whichP-w been performed l.,.v lUeudc-nt Roo:-,t'\clt The chief ftmellm of tun nest Administration Is to complete mid'lHVfeef the machinery by which thtMostandards may be main­ tained, by which tin* lawbreakers may l.t* .promptly restrained and punished, hut which rlmll op 'rate with sufficient .wmir-try and <11 :p;to'Ti to interferewith legitimate business a« little an possible. Such machinery is not now adequate, Phyoieal Veluntltn of Railways. Some of the eugge:-tin;mof theDemo cratie platform relate icnlly to this subordinate and atu-idnry machinery to which I have feP wed. Take for In­ stance the ro-eallel *‘ph:,float Valuation of railways.'' It I- '..car that the sum of nil rales or rmolpts of a railway, iocs proper espeiwi, should be limited to a fair profit upon the reasonable value of its properly, and that If lh<* ;<um exceeds this measure, it ought to be reduced. ’Hie HUU tdty In enforcing the primSide is in as-mlalnlng what is the vearonC.-ie value of the company's property, and In fixing what is ft fair prosit. It l:s <L.»? that the physical value of it railroad and Vs, plant is nn element to lm ghfn weight to deter­ mining it ", full value; tod as President Bor- evclt in Id.; Jiidlumipolln fipeech•: and the Saprrmo Fmsrt have in effect pointed out, the value of the railroad U 3 a going i op; erii, tmhaling its good will, dim to <-’!;•loin;v of rervlce nn.l many other may bo much nreafer ib.' ii the \elue T»f its tan­ gible property, and it t* tlm former that measured t'o inte^finent oh which ft fair profit r ui-t 1-e a’bi.veF. Then,'•too, the question v.lmt H « fair profit Is one Involving :«u eulr the rate of Interact, usually earned an rmretnliy cafe Invest- utents, but ui"m a ntdft<lent uUowanca to malm up for fb* rl<k of loss botli of capital find Inie.vt't in the original outlay. There <'<m*tder*ttojmwill have have par-ed lets the hands of rubca-J urd that the menucs nf eT}torpr;''8 j established mi eight hoar law for nov- jKto'Lascra fns.i the original in- j may bo kept open to the individual atrJ emmrat empjoyern and c : j .government couritrsftion. d'be tsaenre ef fho re. :form effected:by tfea fotmn* is .the fiboliston a t' tbe ft>iiiinr*srimot ralgf and the Introfluctioji of tbo compara­ tive negligence 'theory by t?hich.flp em­ ployee injured In‘ the service of to* employer does not lose hhs right to ra* cover because of might negligence on his. part. Then there is the act pro­ viding for compensation for Jujuty to government employees, together with the various statutes requiring safety appliances upon interatato commerce railroads for the protection of their employceg, and Umlting the hours of thmF mlfpioyineuL “ Those ato ail to- otoneea of the desire of the Repub­ lican party to do justice to the wage- earner, Doubtless.,a more comptoheh- sive measure tor eompensailon.of gov* emmenfr- employcca will be adopted to the future. To give to employees their proper position in eucli a controversy^ to en­ able them to maintain themselves agatom; employers having great cap* Itai, thfy ipay well unite, because in union there is strength and without It. each individual laborer and employee would bo helpless. The promotion of industrial peace through the instru­ mentality of the trade ngreemeut la often one of the results of such uniOJL, when intelligently .conducted, r - Thera k a large body of laborers, however^ skilled and unskilled, who; are not organized -Into unions.'-‘ Their lights before tbe iaw are exactly 'the sainoas thoHe of the imion men,. amT are to be.nrotected with the same c..re and watcT.Adness. In order to Induce their employer Into a' compliance with their request for changed■:, terms of iUmploym^hh / , r > cl In dot nr.lr.I:;;; wlndlmr t!-.> tohilhy of rates charge.! in renson- nbl* <;• one rive. To ignore them mTgit to revlni v ami unjustly li> p::L- rcliL’ l vn'.uxi r.s to destroy nil Imps <>f ie t iring confidence and for­ ever erd in lu'-emout for tovrrt- a.put in Lav,* raftroad construction vriih-h, J.i retiirid ,g prosperous rimed, is are to be cc-en'-iat to our material :pramfra. IY«m v. isat ban been raid, (he proper cm; bum would reem io Le that to ■i.ilupipiii;-gn'y;dpae‘jfi:He'v. bother-tire entire ivlmdule <--f rales <>f a railway ia excessive, the physical valuation of the rent is a relevant and important but not necessarily a controlling factor, J am confident that the fixing of rates on the principles suggested above would not materially impair tbe pres­ ent market values of railroad securi­ ties An most eases, for I believe that Shiny c jito u T fc a have Ira n organ' ieed cn the theory that mere aggrega­ tion of all, or nearly ail, osLitingplants to a line of manufacture, without re­ gard to economy of production, de­ stroys competition. They have, mart of them, gone into bankruptcy. Com­ petition in a profitable business will not be affected by tbe mere aggrega­ tion of many existing plants under one company, unless the company thereby effects great economy, the benefit cf which It shares with the publle, or fftip/s-'Femc^Tegfil method to avoid competition and to perpetuate a hold on the business. Proper Treatment of Trusts. Tnlawfql trusts should be restrained with all the efficiency of injunctive process, and the persons engaged, to maintaining them should be punished with all the severity of criminal pros­ ecution, lu order that the methods pur- the normal Increase to the v»lu« j sued inthe operation of their business railroad properties, especially to their' , f;„ ln_ V , terminals, will more than make U]>for the possible overcapitalization In ear­ lier years. In some cases, doubtless, It will bo found that overcapitalization is made an-excuse for excessive rates, and then they should be reduced; but the consensus of opinion sepms to- be that the railroad rales generally to this country are reasonably I qw . Conclusion That -There 'Should Be < Physical Valuation: » 1 have discussed this, with some de­ gree of detail, merely to point out that the valuation by tbe Interstate Com­ merce Commission of tbe tangible property of a railroad is proper and may from .time to time be necessary in settling certain Issues which may come before them, and that no evil or Injus­ tice can <-onm from valuation in such eases, -if It be understood that the re­ sult is to be used tor a just purpose, and the right (o a fair profit under all the circumstances of tbe Investment la recognized, . . National Control of Interstate Com­ merce Corporation. ' . Another suggestion in respect to sub­ ordinate and ancillary machinery nec­ essary t<j carry out Republican policies is that the Incorporation under Na­ tional laf^' shall be brought within the law. To destroy them and ^to eliminate the wealth they represent from the pro­ ducing capital of the country would entail enormous loss, and would throw out of employment myriads of work­ ingmen and Avorklngworneu] Such a result is wholly unnecessary to the ac­ complishment of the needed reform, and will Inflict upon the innocent far greater punishment than . upon the •guilty. ' ■'. ;■ Destructive Policy of Democratic Plat­ form. The Democratic platform, docs not propose to destroy the plants of tbe trusts physically, but it proposes to do the samp thing to a different way. Y0, kmen have lUe rig„ t to in * The bustoess of tins country Is large- lM(ly; TIlpy bnve (l Vight to use such. iy dependent on a protective system of tariffs. The /bWStoeSS done by. many o f tbe; so called '“trusts" Is protected with the other business omiecountry. The Democratic platform proposes to ‘take, off the tariff In all articles com­ ing into competition with those pro­ duced by the so called “trusts,” and to put them on the free list, I f sueh a course would be utterly destructive of their business, as -ia intended, ft would not only destroy the‘trusts, but all of their smaller competitors. The or the licensing by Nat.IoimrJ~ruthlesS and impracticable character licence or enforced registry-of compa­ nies engaged in interstate trade.- The fact is that nearly nil corporations do­ ing a corameroinl business are engaged in interstate commerce, and If they ali were required to take out a Federal license or a Federal charter, the'bur­ den upon the interstate business of the country would become Intolerable. ( It-is necessary, therefore, to devise some means for classifying and insur­ ing Federal supervision of such cor­ porations as have tbe power and temp­ tation to effect restraints Of Interstate trade and monopolies. Such corpora­ tions constitute a very small percent­ age of all engaged In interstate busi­ ness. ' * Construction of Anti-Trust Law. The possible operation of the anti­ trust law under existing rulings of the SoB»«fa» Ctew* has fto«n ytoe-to *□$- gentians* for its ‘necessary amendment; to prevent its application to cases which it Is believed were never to the contemplation of the trainers of the statute, g.-nke two instances: a mer­ chant or manufacturer engaged In a legitimate bustoess that covers certain States, wishes to sell his bustoess and his good will, and so to tbe terms of tho sale obligates himself to the pur­ chaser not to go into the same bust-; ness in those 'States. Such a restraint of trade has always been enforced at common law. Again, tbe employees of an interstate railway combine and en­ ter upon a peaceable and lawful strike to secure bettor Wages. At common law this was not a restraint of trade or commerce or a' violation of the rights of the company or of the public. Neither case ought to be made a viola­ tion of tbe anti-trust law. My own Impression Is that the Supreme Court would hold that neither of these lh- slancCs Is within Its inhibition, but, If they nra to be bo regarded, general leg­ islation nmondtog the law Is necessary. The proposal to compel every cor­ poration to cell Its commodities at tbe pame price the country over, allowing for transportation, is utterly Imprac­ ticable, If It can be shown that to or­ der to drive out competition, a corpo­ ration Owning a large part of the plant producing an article Is selling In one part of tho country, whore It has com- of the proposition grows plainer as Its effects upon the whole community are realized. To take the course suggested by the “Democratic platform In these matters Is to Involve the entire community, in­ nocent as it Is, in the punishment of the guilt}*, while our policy is to stamp out the specific evil. ■This difference between the policies of the two great parties'1 Is of especial Importance In view of the present condition of busi­ ness. After ton years of thh most re­ markable material, development and' prosperity, there came a flnaaqiiU'strto- gency, a panic aad an industrial1de­ pression, This was brought about not only by the enormous expansion of business plants and bustoess invest­ ments which could not be readily con­ verted, but also by the waste of capi­ tal, to extravagance of. living, to war* and other vatastraphfes. Republican Doctrine of Protection. The Republican doctrine of protec­ tion, aft definitely announced by the Republican convention of this year and by previous conventions, is that a tariff shall be imposed on all Imported products, whether of the factory,- farm or mine, sufficiently great to equal the difference between the cost of produc­ tion abroad and fit homo, and that this difference should, ‘ of Course, include the . difference between the higher wages paid; In this country, and the wages paid abroad and embrace a rea­ sonable pre't loathe American pro­ ducer, A system of ^protection.thus adopted ami put In force has' led to the establishment of a rate of wages here that has greatly enhanced the standard of living of the laboring man. it Is the policy of the Republican party permanently to continue that standard of living. In ISO" tbe Dingiey Tariff BUI was pn.-oOd, under which we lmvo had, as nlfeady said, a period of enor­ mous prosperity, - Necessity For Revision of Tariff. Tho consequent material develop­ ment bus greatly changed the condi­ tions under which many articles de­ scribed by the schedules of the tariff are now produced* The tariff lu a number of the schedules exceeds the difference between the* cost of produc­ tion of such articles abroad and at petltors, at n low and unprofitable , price, an l i.i n -t: r part of the coun- ‘ J'omo’ Including a reasonable profit to try, where it Ita; u-..io, at an exorbi- . producer. The excess tant price, thin Is evidence that it Is at* ; ovoe that differemo Eerves uo> useful templing nn unlawful monopoly, and , PtirP0EG» tint offers a temptation to justifies conviction under the anti-trust: * » « ,a monopolize.the pre­ law; but tbe proposal to supervise' the ductlou and the sale of such articles business of corporations in such a way as to fix tbe price of commodities rind compel the sn)e at such price is as ab­ surd and socialistic a plank as was ever Inserted to a Democratic political platform. Advantage of Combination of Capital. in this country,-to profit by the excess­ ive fate. On the other hand, there are other schedules in which the tariff is not sufficiently high to give the meas­ ure of protection which they should re­ ceive upon Republican principles, rind as to those the tariff should be raised. A revision of the tariff undertaken The combination of capital in large j upmj this principle, which is nt.lho plants to manufacture goods with the , basis of our present business system, greatest economy is just as necessary begun proi, ptly upon the Incoming of as the- assembling of tlie parts of a machine to the economical and more rapid manufacture of what to old limes was made by hand. The Gov­ ernment should not interfere With one any more than the other. What io an Unlawful Trust?. When, however, such combinations are not Int.wl on any economic prin­ ciple, but are made merely for the pur­ pose of controlling tho market, lo maintain or raise prices, restrict output and drive out competitors, the public derives no benefit and we have a mo­ nopoly. It la -Important, therefore, the new’ administration, nnd considered kt a special session with the prelimi­ nary investigations already begun by the appropriate committees of tho House and t'euato, will make the dis­ turbance of business incident to eucli ! a clinbgc aa Illtle as passible. Labor and What tho Republieon Party j Has Done For Iff WO come now to the question of la­ bor, One Important phase o f tho pol- , Ides of the present Administration has •been an anxiety to secure for the Wage- 1 'earner an equality of opportunity and such positive statutory protection ns persuasion as they ipay, provided it’ does not reach the point of duress, to lead their reluctant co-laborers to join them to their union against their* em­ ployer, and they have a right, If they choose, to accumulate funds to support those engaged In a strike, to delegate to officer.-) r-e power to direct the ac­ tion of the union, and to withdraw themselves and ihctr assoc-interi from dealings with, or giving custom to • those with whom they are In contro­ versy. What Labor Cannot Lawfully Do. ' What the- have not the right to do is to injure their employer’s property, to Injure their employer's business by use of threats or methods of physical duress' against those who would work for him, or deal with Imp, or by car­ rying on wfiat is sometimes known as a secondary boycott against bis cus­ tomers or those with whom he deals. It has been claimed that Injunctions do not issue to protect anything but .property rights, and that business. Is not a property right; but such a propo­ sition is wholly inconsistent with ail the decisions of tho courts. The, Su­ preme Court of the United States says that the injunction is a remedy* to pro­ tect property or rights of a 'pecuniary nature, andwe may well ,submit to tfio. considerate Judgment of all laymen whether the right of a man in bis burl- ness Is not as distinctly a right of a pecuniary nature as the right to his home of ills; bouse or the stock of goods on' his shelf; and the Instances in which injunctions lo protect busine-w have been upheld, by all courts are so many that It is futile further to discuss the proposition, It, is difficult to tell the meaning of the Democratic platform upon this sub­ ject. It says: “ Questions of judicial practice have nrisen especially lu connection with in­ dustrial disputes. We. deem that the parties to all Judicial proceedings should be treated with rigid impartial^ Sty, and that injunctions should not be . issued lu nay cases in which injunc­ tions would not Issue If no industrial dispute Were involved,” This declaration Is disingenuous. .It sdonis to have been loosely .drawn with the especial purpose of rendering It susceptible to one Interpretation by one sot of men and to a diametrically oppo­ site Interpretation by another. It does not aver that injunctions''Bhould u o f Issue In Industrial disputes, but only that they should not Issue merely be* cause tboy are Industrial disputes, and yet those responsible for the declara­ tion must have known that no one has over maintained that’ the fact that a dispute was industrial gave any basis for Issuing an Injunction in reference thereto. Tho declaration seems to be drawn to its present vague rind ambiguous shape in order to persuade some people that It Is,n declaration against the issuing of Injunctions In any industrial dispute, while at tlte same time it may bo pos­ sible to explain to tho average plain citizen who objects to class distinctions that no such Intention exists at all. Our position Is clear rind unequivocal. We are anxious to prevent even an ap­ pearance of any Injustice to labor to ihe issuance, of injunctions, not to a spirit of favoritism to one set of our fellow citizens, but of justice to all of our fellow citizens. The reason for ex­ orcising or refusing to exercise the power of Injunction must be found in the character of the unlawful injury and not In tho character or class of the persons who Inflict this Injury, The juan who has a business which Is being unlawfully injured Is entitled to tho remedies which the taw*lias) al­ ways given him, no matter who has in* fiteicil the Injuries. Otherwise, We shall have class, legislation tmhtst to principle ansi likely to sap the founda­ tions of a free government. No’ lco anti Heariftfl Before Ifioue of Injunction. I corns bow to tho question of no­ tice before i:snls.'; an injunction. It is V O T E , FOR.- John B. Stevenson, i.i c a n d i d a t e p o r — - — County Commissioner, . \ . ■ St O ' . Republican Primary, Monday, August 3d, 1908