Glossary of Terms 228 Self-induced stressors: A type of stress resulting from uncontrolled thinking or mismanagement of things in a person’s control. Set: A group of repetitions sequentially per-formed before the athlete stops to rest. Set point theory: A theory that states obesity is caused by internal programming that causes the body to carry a certain amount of weight. This programming is set and determined by the hypothalamus. Shear force: A force acting in a direction parallel to the surface of a segment of the spine. Sleep deprivation: Condition that occurs when an individual gets less sleep than they need to feel awake and alert. Sleep hygiene: Habits and practices that are conducive to sleeping well on a regular basis. Sleep-wake homeostasis: An internal biological system responsible for regulating the balance between sleep and wakefulness. Sliding-filament theory: Actin (thin) filaments of muscle fibers slide past the myosin (thick) filaments during muscle contraction. Slow glycolysis: Method of providing energy for activities of relatively short duration (i.e., 2-3 minutes), that replenishes quickly and produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Slow-twitch muscle fiber: A type of muscle fiber that develops less tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber but is more fatigue resistant due to its high oxygen content and enzyme activity. Soluble fiber: A type of fiber that dissolves in water. Soluble fiber is found in oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, peas, and some fruits and vegetables. Specific physical preparedness (SPP, aka sports-specific physical preparedness): Refers to training specific to movements in a specified activity, usually a sport. Specificity: Training should be relevant to the activity the individual is training for in order to produce the desired training effect. Spinal stenosis: An abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal, which may occur in any of the regions of the spine, resulting in a neurological deficit. Symptoms include pain, numbness, loss of motor control, and paresthesia (tingling or pricking sensation caused by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves). Stability: Ability to maintain or control joint movement or position. Stability shoes: Type of shoe that has stability devices embedded to help control pronation. Stabilizer muscle: A muscle that contracts with no significant movement to maintain posture or fixate a joint. Starch: Storage form of carbohydrates in plants. Stimulus-recovery-adaptation (SRA): Physiological adaptations take place during recovery, not training. As a result, frequency recommendations for each of the different types of exercise types should be based off the amount of time required to recover.
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