Glossary of Terms 218 Complex carbohydrates: Excess glucose linked together for storage. Compound exercise (aka core exercise): A movement that recruits one or more major muscle groups (e.g., pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, quadriceps) and involves two or more joints. Compression exercise: Refers to an exercise that directly loads the spine thereby causing compression of the intervertebral discs. Compression force (aka compressive force): A force that presses inward on a segment of the spine that causes it to become compacted. Concentric contraction: A type of muscle activation that increases tension on a muscle as it shortens. Conditional amino acids: Are considered conditionally essential because their synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions. The six conditional amino acids are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline, and tyrosine. Conjugate method: A specific type of non-linear periodization developed by powerlifter and strength coach Louie Simmons. Cool-down: Easy exercise completed immediately after more intense activity to allow the body to gradually transition to a resting or near-resting state. Cortisol: A glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that mediates various metabolic processes, had anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Creatine kinase: An enzyme that when elevated in the blood is a marker of damaged tissue in either the brain, skeletal muscle, or heart. Creatine phosphate (CP): A phosphate group found in muscle cells that stores phosphates to provide energy for muscular contraction. Cross-training shoes: Type of shoe designed for strength training, cross-training and/or other activities where thinner sole shoes are preferred. Deload: A short, planned period of recovery. A typical deload period will last a week. Depression: Feelings of severe despondency and dejection. Detraining: Physiological adaptations associated with chronic exercise are not permanent. Once the stimulus is reduced or eliminated, the biological system(s) will revert back to pre-training levels. Dietary reference intake (DRI): Refers to a system of nutrition recommendations used to plan and assess nutrient intakes developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary supplements: A dietary supplement is a product taken to supplement the diet and typically contain one or more of the following ingredients: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals (of or pertaining to plants), amino acids, as well as various other substances. Supplements are not required to go through the testing of effectiveness and safety that drugs do. Directed adaptation: A fundamental principle to exercise programming that states that in order to get better at something, you must train it over and over.
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