Glossary of Terms 221 Food deserts: Refers to an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food. Frequency: Number of times one exercises within a specified period of time. General physical preparedness (GPP): Refers to any training method used to improve general conditioning such as strength, power, endurance, speed and flexibility. Genetic potential: Theoretical optimum performance capability which an individual could achieve in a specific activity, after an ideal upbringing, nutrition and training. Glandular disorder theory: A theory that states obesity is caused by hypothyroidism. Gluten: Gluten (derived from the Latin word glue) is a mixture of proteins found in wheat, rye, and barley which gives elasticity to dough, helping it rise, and gives the final product a chewing texture. It can also be found in products such as vitamin and nutrient supplements, lip balms, and certain medicines. It is important to note that less than 1% of the general population has Celiac disease (autoimmune disorder of the small intestines) which would require a gluten-free diet. Glycemic index (GI): Instead of counting the total amount of carbohydrates in foods in their unconsumed state, Glycemic Index (GI) measures the actual impact of these foods on blood sugar. Foods are ranked as being very low, low, medium, or high in their GI value. Low-GI diets have been associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, stroke, depression, chronic kidney disease, formation of gall stones, neural tube defects, formation of uterine fibroids, and cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, and pancreas. Glycemic load (GL): Takes into account the number of grams of carbohydrate in a food to determine how quickly the food raises blood glucose levels. It can be calculated by multiplying the glycemic index of the food by the grams of carbohydrate in a serving of that food, divided by 100. Glycogen: Storage form of carbohydrates in skeletal muscles and the liver. Glycolysis: A process in cell metabolism by which carbohydrates and sugars, especially glucose, are broken down to produce ATP and pyruvic acid. Golgi tendon organ (GTO): Proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension. Gynoid: Pear-shaped fat distribution pattern mainly around the lower upper body, such as the hips, thighs, and butt. Henneman’s size principle: Under load, motor units are recruited from smallest to largest. Herniated disk: A rupture of the annulus fibrosis (fibrocartilagenous material that surrounds the intervertebral disk) enabling the nucleus pulposus (gelatinous substance in the center portion of the intervertebral disk) to extrude through the fibers. Hierarchy of fat loss: States the four major factors in determining fat loss are (in order of precedence): nutrition, sleep & stress, resistance training, and hormonal balance. High-intensity interval training: A form of endurance training that uses high-intensity intervals (typically 30-90 seconds in duration) at intensities greater than VO2max.
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