Glossary of Terms 228 Sarcopenia: Age related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Sarcoplasm: The colorless material comprising the living cell, excluding the nucleus. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy: One of the two methods of muscle hypertrophy in which there is an increase in the volume of sarcoplasmic fluid in the muscle cell, with no actual increase in muscular strength. Satiety: Feeling of being full. Saturated fat: Type of fat that is solid at room temperature. Saturated fat is found in full-fat dairy products (e.g., butter, cheese, cream, ice cream, and whole milk), coconut oil, lard, palm oil, readyto-eat meats, and the skin and fat of chicken and turkey, among other foods. Saturated fats have the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Self-induced stressors: A type of stress resulting from uncontrolled thinking or mismanagement of things in a person’s control. Set: A group of repetitions sequentially per-formed before the athlete stops to rest. Set point theory: A theory that states obesity is caused by internal programming that causes the body to carry a certain amount of weight. This programming is set and determined by the hypothalamus. Shear force: A force acting in a direction parallel to the surface of a segment of the spine. Sleep deprivation: Condition that occurs when an individual gets less sleep than they need to feel awake and alert. Sleep hygiene: Habits and practices that are conducive to sleeping well on a regular basis. Sleep-wake homeostasis: An internal biological system responsible for regulating the balance between sleep and wakefulness. Sliding-filament theory: Actin (thin) filaments of muscle fibers slide past the myosin (thick) filaments during muscle contraction. Slow glycolysis: Method of providing energy for activities of relatively short duration (i.e., 2-3 minutes), that replenishes quickly and produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Slow-twitch muscle fiber: A type of muscle fiber that develops less tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber but is more fatigue resistant due to its high oxygen content and enzyme activity. Soluble fiber: A type of fiber that dissolves in water. Soluble fiber is found in oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, peas, and some fruits and vegetables. Specific physical preparedness (SPP, aka sports-specific physical preparedness): Refers to training specific to movements in a specified activity, usually a sport. Specificity: Training should be relevant to the activity the individual is training for in order to produce the desired training effect.
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