Glossary of Terms 229 Spinal stenosis: An abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal, which may occur in any of the regions of the spine, resulting in a neurological deficit. Symptoms include pain, numbness, loss of motor control, and paresthesia (tingling or pricking sensation caused by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves). Stability: Ability to maintain or control joint movement or position. Stability shoes: Type of shoe that has stability devices embedded to help control pronation. Stabilizer muscle: A muscle that contracts with no significant movement to maintain posture or fixate a joint. Starch: Storage form of carbohydrates in plants. Stimulus-recovery-adaptation (SRA): Physiological adaptations take place during recovery, not training. As a result, frequency recommendations for each of the different types of exercise types should be based off the amount of time required to recover. Strength training (aka resistance training): Type of physical exercise specializing in the use of resistance in order to improve the strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscle. Stress: Is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress management: Is a wide spectrum of techniques aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. Stress response: Refers to the physiological and psychological responses to various situations. Stressor: Something that causes a state of strain or tension. Stretch reflex: A muscle contraction in response to stretching which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. Stroke volume: Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one contraction. Structural exercises: Exercises that load the spine directly or indirectly. Subcutaneous fat: Fat stored below the dermis layer of the skin and is not necessarily hazardous to your health. Sympathetic nervous system: A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure. Synergist muscle: A muscle that assists another muscle to accomplish a movement. Talk test: A simple way to measure exercise intensity. In general, during moderate-intensity activity you can talk, but not sing. During vigorous-intensity activity, you will not be able to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath. Target muscle: The primary muscle intended to train or exercise. Tempo: Refers to the pace or rhythm at which a movement is performed.
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