252 Glossary of Terms Body composition: A method (e.g., circumference measurements, skinfolds) used to estimate a person’s percent body fat. Body mass index (BMI): A weight-to-height ratio, calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters, which is used as an indicator of obesity and underweight. Bone density: Refers to the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. Bulimia nervosa: A clinical condition characterized by repeated and uncontrolled food binging in which a large number of calories are consumed followed by an immediate purge. Bunion: A bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe. Caloric balance: States the calories consumed through diet equals the calories expended through physical activity. Caloric density: Refers to the calorie content of food. Examples of calorie dense (in contrast to nutrient dense) foods include potato chips, desserts, and candy. Caloric expenditure: Refers to the number of calories expended during physical activity or exercise. Carbohydrate: One of the three essential macronutrients, along with fats and protein, used as an energy source by the body. Carbohydrates come in simple forms such as sugars and in complex forms such as starches and fiber. The body breaks down most sugars and starches into glucose, which the body uses to fuel the cells. Complex carbohydrates are derived from plants. Cardiac Output (CO): The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. Stroke volume and the heart rate determine cardiac output. Cardiovascular fitness: The ability of the heart and lungs to efficiently deliver oxygenated blood to the working muscles as well as the muscle’s ability to extract and use the oxygen being provided. Cartilaginous joints: One of the three types of joints found in the body and allow for limited movement. An example of a cartilaginous joint are the intervertebral disks. Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules from simpler ones. Celiac disease: A disease in which the small intestine is hypersensitive to gluten thereby leading to issues with digestion. Chains: A method of strength training for advanced lifters in which chains are added to the bar thereby making the lockout portion of the lift more difficult. Circumference measurements (aka girth measurements): A method used to assess body composition that involves taking measurements at various sites in order to predict percent body fat.
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