254 Glossary of Terms Cortisol: A glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that mediates various metabolic processes, had anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Creatine kinase: An enzyme that when elevated in the blood is a marker of damaged tissue in either the brain, skeletal muscle, or heart. Creatine phosphate (CP): A phosphate group found in muscle cells that stores phosphates to provide energy for muscular contraction. Cross-training shoes: Type of shoe designed for strength training, cross-training and/or other activities where thinner sole shoes are preferred. Deload: A short, planned period of recovery. A typical deload period will last a week. Depression: Feelings of severe despondency and dejection. Detraining: Physiological adaptations associated with chronic exercise are not permanent. Once the stimulus is reduced or eliminated, the biological system(s) will revert back to pre-training levels. Dietary reference intake (DRI): A system of nutritional recommendations used to plan and assess nutrient intakes developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary supplements: A dietary supplement is a product taken to supplement the diet and typically contain one or more of the following ingredients: vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other botanicals (of or pertaining to plants), amino acids, as well as various other substances. Supplements are not required to go through the testing of effectiveness and safety that drugs do. Directed adaptation: A fundamental principle to exercise programming that states that in order to get better at something, you must train it over and over. Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides linked together. Disordered eating: A disturbed and unhealthy pattern of eating that can include restrictive dieting, compulsive eating or skipping meals. Distress: Bad or negative stress. Dopamine: A type of neurotransmitter responsible for producing feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation. Drive theory: This theory states that the more arousal and anxiety an individual experiences, the higher their performance will be. Duration: The amount of time spent exercising within a specific training session. Dynamic effort method: One of the three methods of strength training used by powerlifters to develop muscular contraction speed.
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