260 Glossary of Terms Minerals: Consist of inorganic elements found in foods that are essential to certain metabolic functions. Examples include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, and molybdenum. Mobility: Degree to which a joint is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissue. Moderate-intensity aerobic activity: Physical activity performed hard enough to raise heart rate and break a sweat, but easy enough to still be able to talk, but not sing. Monosaccharide: Single sugar unit, such as glucose. Monounsaturated fat: Type of fat found in avocados, canola oil, nuts, olives and olive oil, and seeds. Monounsaturated fats (aka “healthy fats”) are thought to help lower cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk. However, monounsaturated fat has the same number of calories as other types of fat and may contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Motion control shoes: Type of shoe that has stiffer heels and firm posts embedded that reinforce the arch side of each midsole. Multicomponent physical activity: Any form of exercise that simultaneously promotes improvements in cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and balance. Examples include Pilates, qigong, tai chi, and yoga. Muscle dysmorphia: A psychological disorder characterized by a negative body image and obsessive desire to have a muscular physique. Muscle fiber type: Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into two types: slow-twitch (Type I) and fast-twitch (Type II). Type I fibers are better suited for long duration, low-intensity activities such long distance running, whereas type II fibers are better suited for short duration, highintensity activities such as resistance training and sprinting. Muscle spindle: A sensory organ located within the muscle that is sensitive to the stretch of the muscle. Myofibril: Long, cylindrical organelle in striated muscle cells, composed mainly of actin and myosin filaments, that run the entire length of the cell. Myofibrillar hypertrophy: One of the two methods of muscle hypertrophy in which the number of actin and myosin contractile proteins increase in number. Myosin: Globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin (protein complex in muscle fibers that shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions). Myosin heavy chain (MHC): Portion of the myosin filament responsible for muscle contraction. There are three types of MHC (i.e., type I, IIa, IIx), each with a different contractile speed. MHC IIx has the fastest contractile speed (and is called fast-twitch), whereas MHC I have the slowest (and is called slow-twitch).
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