262 Glossary of Terms Osteoporosis: A medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of bone tissue. Overload: Greater than normal stress (load) is required in order for training adaptations to occur. These adaptations lead to increased athletic performance in terms of speed, strength, power, endurance, etc. Overtraining: The point where a person displays a decrease in performance and/or plateauing as a result of consistently performing at a level or training load that exceeds their recovery capacity. Oxidative system: One of the 3 basic energy systems used to produce ATP. This system converts carbohydrates and fats into ATP, requires the presence of oxygen to function and takes place in the mitochondria of the cell. Oxytocin: A hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that is sometimes referred to as the “cuddle hormone” because it is released when people snuggle up or bond socially. Pace/tempo training (P/T): A form of endurance training that uses intensities at or slightly higher than race pace intensity. Peak strength is a method of strength training in which the primary goal is to improve 1RM in the competition lifts (e.g., squat, bench, deadlift). This type of training is generally characterized by training intensities of ≥ 95% of 1RM and 1-3 reps. Partials: A method of strength training for advanced lifters in which the range of motion of a particular exercise is limited in order to lift heavier loads. Passive stretch: A stretch that uses some type of external force (e.g., stretching strap, partner) to stretch the target muscle without any muscular contraction from the individual being stretched. Percent body fat: A measurement of body composition telling how much of your body weight is comprised of fat. Periodization: A form of strength training that uses a strategic implementation of training phases (e.g., hypertrophy, strength, power). These phases periodically increase and decrease both volume and intensity in order to prevent overtraining and maximize gains. Phase potentiation: Logical stringing together of dedicated strength training phases in order to get the best long-term gains in performance. Phasic muscles: Extensor muscles that tend to get weaker with age. Phosphagen system: Fastest method to resynthesize ATP used for all-out exercise lasting up to about 10 seconds. However, since there is a limited amount of stored CP and ATP in the muscle, fatigue occurs rapidly.
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