266 Glossary of Terms Strength training (aka resistance training): Type of physical exercise specializing in the use of resistance in order to improve the strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscle. Stress: A feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress management: A wide spectrum of techniques aimed at controlling a person’s level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. Stress response: The physiological and psychological responses to various situations. Stressor: Something that causes a state of strain or tension. Stretch reflex: A muscle contraction in response to stretching which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. Stroke volume: Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one contraction. Structural exercises: Exercises that load the spine directly or indirectly. Subcutaneous fat: Fat stored below the dermis layer of the skin and is not necessarily hazardous to your health. Sympathetic nervous system: A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure. Synergist muscle: A muscle that assists another muscle to accomplish a movement. Synovial joints: One of the three types of joints found in the body and allow for the greatest amount of movement. Examples of a synovial joint are the knee and elbow. Talk test: A simple way to measure exercise intensity. In general, during moderate-intensity activity you can talk, but not sing. During vigorous-intensity activity, you will not be able to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath. Target muscle: The primary muscle intended to be trained or exercised. Tempo: The pace or rhythm at which a movement is performed. Tend-and-befriend response: An instinctive behavior exhibited by some individuals, generally females, in response to threat. It refers to protection of offspring (tending) and seeking out their social group for mutual defense (befriending). Thermic effect of food (TEF): Calories burned to digest food and accounts for roughly 10% of the total calories burned in a day. Time under tension (TUT): The amount of time a muscle is under strain during a set. Tonic muscles: Flexor muscles that tend to get tighter with age. Torsion force: A force that causes twisting of the spine as a result of one segment turning about a longitudinal axis while the other is held fast or turned in the opposite direction.
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