Glossary 295 ARPANET: a United States’ Department of Defense-sponsored project to create a computer communications network that evolved into the Internet (2) artificial intelligence (AI): cutting edge computing technology that performs at human-like levels or better (2) ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): the standard binary encoding of the English character set (2) ASCII art: artistic images created from ASCII characters (3) assembly language: a human-readable form of machine code (2) asset value (AV): the value of the cyber asset (5) Atbash cipher: a monoalphabetic substitution cipher devised by the Hebrews that uses the letters at the opposite end of the alphabet for the ciphertext alphabet (7) attack and defend CTF: a CTF where competitors earn points based on the amount of time systems and services are online (3) attribution problem:: the difficulty of determining who is responsible for a cyber attack (3) authentication: verifying an identity (8) authentication cookie: a text string assigned to a web browser by a web server for the purposes of authenticating a user (8) authentication token: an artifact that uniquely identifies a user (8) authorization: permitting or denying access to a resource (8) availability: ensuring authorized users have access to their data and computer systems (4) avoiding risk: eliminating the risk as a possibility (5) Babbage, Charles: the first person to envision a general-purpose computer he called the Analytical Engine (2) backdoor: an unauthorized access point (4) bandwidth: the amount of data that a link can carry (2) base two-base ten conversion rule: ten binary places are approximately equal to three decimal places (2) behavioral game theory: an alternative to traditional game theory based on observing what people actually do when faced with strategic choices (6) Bell-LaPadula model: a rule for managing access to information primarily concerned with the confidentiality of information based on the high water mark principle (8) Berners-Lee, Tim: the inventor of the World Wide Web (2) best response analysis: a technique for solving games by starting with the options of the other player and determining how to respond in each case (6)
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