INVITATION TO CYBERSECURITY 30 Figure 2.10 A cyber range architecture showing a student accessing three VMs running on range servers through his web browser. 2.4 How the Internet Works “When I helped to develop the open standards that computers use to communicate with one another across the Net, I hoped for but could not predict how it would blossom and how much human ingenuity it would unleash.” - Vint Cerf, a pioneer of the Internet “What hath God wrought?” was the message sent by Samuel Morse in the world’s first telegram. This monumental historical event received much fanfare when it occurred in May 1844. No such publicity accompanied the world’s first computer network transmission in October 1969. The first packets were sent between UCLA and Stanford on the ARPANET, a United States’ Department of Defense-sponsored project to create a computer communications network that evolved into the Internet. The message that was received at Stanford before the connection crashed was “LO” for the first two characters of the LOGIN command. However, it is much more fitting to take a revisionist approach to history and reinterpret it as “LO” as in “LO AND BEHOLD!” A standard I/O device on every modern computer is the network interface card (NIC). NICs enable computers to send and receive data. These communication links are the basis of a computer network. The Internet is one example of a computer network—it is by far the biggest one and spans the entire globe. The term Internet was coined in the 1980s when several isolated computer networks were connected to form a single large computer network—this became a network of networks or an internetwork. The Internet has expanded continuously and rapidly since its inception. We derive increased benefits from technology when it is networked together, and this has driven us to connect more and more “things’’ to the Internet. This has led to today’s Internet of Things that includes everything from smart home devices to cars and much more. There are billions of devices connected to today’s Internet.
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