Pre-Service Teachers' Use of Frustration to Enhance Communication

METHODS: PARTICIPANTS • 20 student teachers (ages 21-23) • 18 females and 2 males • 6 with state TESOL endorsement • 3 university educational programs • 14 Early Childhood (pre-K – 3) • 3 Middle Childhood (2 concentrations grades 4-9) • 3 Adolescent/Young Adult (AYA) (1 concentration grades 7-12) • Student teaching in overseas contexts • 10 countries (English was language of instruction) • 12-week experience; supervision by qualified teachers