The Idea of an Essay, Volume 4

158 The Idea of an Essay: Volume 4 correlation upon literacy. Haigler, et. al (1994) notes this, saying that “educational achievement [in correctional facilities] is highly related to literacy proficiency.” This strong correlation is particularly important because many studies only focus precisely on the effect of educational programs, but their findings still offer merit with this correlation. Once again, the research regarding the impact of literacy on recidivism is easily split between the impact of programs on youth, and its impact on adults. Professionals agree that the impact of programs on youth are deep and significant and can bring change to a juveniles life that gives them an opportunity outside of a life of crime, which can reduce recidivism. O’Cummings, et al (2010) believe the academic outcomes within incarceration can impact a youth after release and reduce recidivism. Similarly Music (2011) notes that “decreasing illiteracy rates among juvenile delinquents is the key to reducing recidivism rates in the United States.” While the professionals agree on the impact, the immediate concern then becomes the time and money it takes. Music (2011) notes however that juveniles may be taught to read at an age appropriate reading level in just 30 to 50 hours, using certain programs. Thus, while this concern with time and money is valid, juveniles may be taught literacy in a relatively small amount of time, with proper instruction. Just as professionals found literacy programs impactful to youth, they also concur that they are impactful for older generations. Measurements vary, but all research points to a reduction in recidivism. Music (2011) found that inmates only have a 16% chance of returning to prison if they are given literacy help, but inmates with no such help have a 70% chance. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (1994) asserts different rates, claiming 36% recidivism for those receiving educational help, and 44 percent recidivism for others. The Bureau also notes however that the more programs an offender completed in a month, the less likely their recidivism. The Alabama State Board of Education (Criminal Justice Initiative, 1997) when evaluating this programwrote that “correctional education appears to be the number one factor in reducing recidivism rates nationwide.” With most professionals claiming these programs so clearly reduce recidivism, it is important to look the few arguments against the programs. While the majority of professionals advocate for literacy programs, a handful instead argue that suchprograms are ineffective.