The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

Guliuzza and Gaskill ◀ How organisms continuously track environmental changes ▶ 2018 ICC 183 Table 2 continued. Mechanism Action Reference Research Entity Results Descriptive Extract of Function in CET Framework 19. Taxon-omically Re- stricted (Orphan) Genes Every eukaryotic genome contains 10–20% of genes without any sig- nificant sequence similarity to genes of other species; these are classified as ‘orphans’ or ‘taxonomically-re- stricted genes’. Khalturin, et al. 2009. More than just orphans: are taxonomically-re- stricted genes important in evo- lution? Trends in Genetics Hydra magnipapil- lata , H. oligactis and transgenic H. vulgaris Most antimicrobial peptide genes show no sequence similarity to genes in other species with some showing rapid response to a wide variety of bacterial and tissue ‘danger’ signals leading to the creation of phylum-specific novelties, in the generation of morphological diversity, and in the innate defense system. “We propose that taxon-specific genes, in combination with rewiring of the genetic networks of conserved regulatory genes, drive morphological specification and allow organisms to adapt to constantly changing ecological conditions" p. 404. 20. Klepto-genesis Female of one species mates with three or more different species, then, through a yet unknown ge- netic mechanism, disassembles ge- nomes from sperm and selectively recombines genes in roughly equal proportions into a single genome McElroy, et al. 2017. Genome Ex- pression Balance in a Triploid Trihybrid Vertebrate. Ge- nome Biology and Evolution Male: Ambysto- ma laterale, A. texanum, and A. tigrinum; Female: unisexual Ambys- toma. Unisexual Ambystoma individuals can possess up to five nuclear genomes derived from up to five phylogenetically diverse Ambystoma species. Genes are generally equally expressed. Hybridized genome from multiple species increases genetic diversity and confers resilience to wide- ranging changes in environmental conditions through non-reliance on a single genome. 21. Adaptive Predic- tion Adaptive predic- tion is a capability of diverse organ- isms, including microbes, to sense a cue and prepare in advance to deal with a future environmental challenge. Amardeep, et al. 2017. Adaptive Prediction Emerges Over Short Evo- lutionary Time Scales. Genome Biology and Evo- lution. Yeast, Saccharomy- ces cerevisiae Yeast subjected to repetitive, coupled exposures to a neutral chemical cue (caffeine), followed by a sublethal dose of a toxin (5-FOA) internalized a novel environmental pattern within 50–150 generations by adaptively predicting 5-FOA stress upon sensing caffeine. "...a novel structured environment can consistently generate AP in yeast within a remarkably short timeframe...to adaptively predicting 5-FOA toxicity upon sensing caffeine…[which] permits investigation into ecological implications of AP with regard to its role in enabling adaptation of an organism to new environmental condition" p. 1621. 22. Soma to Germline Feedback Communication between Soma and germline cells in epigenetic inheritance that is coordinated by regulatory RNAs and specific hor- mones. Steele and Lloyd. 2015. Soma-to-ger- mline feedback is implied by the extreme polymor- phism at IGHV relative to MHC. Bio Essays Haplotype data on the polymorphism of the Major His- tocompatibility Complex Comparisons between the magnitude of Major Histocompatibility Complex polymorphism with estimates for the human heavy chain immunoglobulin V locus suggests IGHV could be many orders of magnitude more polymorphic than the MHC. An under-investigated mechanism to transfer memory of environmental exposure from parent(s) to offspring through gametes since, “soma-to-germline feedback is forbidden under the neo-Darwinian paradigm” p. 557. Table 2 continued on next page.