The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

evolutionary allele distribution. Our simulation of this type of evolutionary population in deep time generates an allele frequency distribution that is quite different from the actually observed allele distributions from the 1000 Genomes Project (Figure 8, Table 2). The actually observed allele distribution has a distinctly tighter bend in its distribution, compared to the evolutionary scenario, in the frequency range of 3–15%. Figure 2c shows an identical simulation, except a bottleneck occurs 200 generations before the run is over. The population shrinks down to just two people for a single generation and then rapidly rebounds to its original size. This represents an Evolutionary Adam and Eve scenario , wherein Adam and Eve derive naturally from a larger human population and then give rise to modern humanity. As can be seen, the Evolutionary Adam and Eve scenario yields an allele distribution that is clearly similar to the actually observed distribution (Figure 1a) but is distinct from the evolutionary simulation (Figure 2b). See Figure 8 and Table 2. The bend in the curve is distinctly sharper in the Evolutionary Adam and Eve simulation. Figure 2d shows a mutation accumulation simulation, but with a biblical timeframe and population dynamics. In this case the run starts with two individuals, there is rapid population growth for 10 generations, then there is a bottleneck down to 6 people, followed by rapid population rebound up to 1000. The run only lasts 200 generations. In this biblical framework, we see substantial genetic drift leading to a meaningful allele distribution spread, even after just 200 generations. Yet the distribution in Figure 2d does not look like the actually observed distribution of the autosomal chromosome 22 (Figure 1a). However, this simulation is quite consistent with the observed allele distributions of chrY (Figure 1b), and chrM (Figure 1c). This is not surprising from a creation perspective, because in Eden the autosomal chromosomes would initially exist in four copies (enabling initial heterozygosity), while there would be only one progenitor chrY and only one progenitor chrM. Therefore, it might be expected that the autosomes might carry designed heterozygosity, while chrY and chrMwould initially Sanford et al. ◀ Designed genetic diversity in Adam and Eve ▶ 2018 ICC 205 Figure 2a. Allele distribution of a simulated evolutionary population that is mature and is in mutation/drift equilibrium (case p0a098). There were no designed alleles. Key parameters settings were 10,000 generations; 1000 population size; 100 mutations per individual per generation. This figure plots allele frequencies from 1–100% to show that fixations (far right) are arising at a high rate, indicating that this population was in mutation/drift equilibrium. The same case is show in Figure 2b, but this plot shows the conventional plotting of only the minor alleles (1–50% frequencies). Simulated and plotted using new Mendel-Go version. Figure 2b. This figure shows the same evolutionary simulation as Figure 2a, but with only minor alleles are plotted (0–50%). Case p0a098. Simulated and plotted using new Mendel-Go version. Figure 2c. This is what can be considered an evolutionary Adam and Eve scenario . This Figure has the same setting as Figure 2b but adds a severe single-generation bottleneck just 200 generations before the experiment ended (case i2e1e0). There were no designed alleles. Key parameters settings were 1000 population size; 10,000 generations; 100 mutations per individual per generation; a bottleneck at generation 9,800; and a re-growth rate of 1.5 after the bottleneck. The plotted allele frequencies are from 1–50%. Simulated and plotted using new Mendel-Go version. Figure 2d. This distribution reflects mutation accumulation in a biblical timeframe (case pc1fe3). There were no designed alleles. Key parameters settings were an initial population size of two, a stable population size of 1000; 200 generations; 100 mutations per individual per generation; a bottleneck at generation 10; and a population growth and re-growth rate of 2.0 (doubling every generation). The plotted allele frequencies are from 1–50%. This plot is nothing like the actually observed autosomal allele distribution but is more similar to the actually observed chrY (Figure 1b) and chrM (Figure 1c) allele distributions. Simulated and plotted using new Mendel-Go version.