The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

generation, followed by a rapid population rebound (Figure 3c). In this biblical scenario, we see that two population constrictions can result in much more rapid allele frequency spreading. B. Simulations involving only designed alleles, all having an initial frequency of 25% Still more promising were simulations that involved designed alleles that all began with a minor allele frequency of 25%. For every allele pair where the minor allele frequency is 25%, there is a contrasting allele with allele a frequency of 75% (we generally only show the minor alleles in such plots). In this case, the starting allele frequency distribution (in the first generation) would look just like Figure 3a, but with the spike located at 25%. With this lower initial allele frequency, it is much easier to approach the observed human frequency distribution (Figure 1a). Figure 4a shows what happens after just 20 generations. Most of the distribution is shifting to the left, with the mode shifting downward from 25%. Figure 4b shows what happens after 200 generations. The mode is now approaching zero and the distribution’s bell-shaped curve has become a nearly straight line that slopes downward to the right. When re-scaled, this is the basic shape of the lower-most portion of the actual allele frequency distribution. We have found that the steepness of the slope can be modulated by including in the simulation some fraction of allele pairs that start at 50%. The steepness of the slope diminishes greatly when mutational alleles are added and begin to accumulate to high numbers (because this requires the y-axis of the frequency plots to be rescaled). C. Simulation involving high-impact designed alleles resulting in selective sweeps Figure 5 shows the effect of a series of selective sweeps. In these experiments a limited number of designed allele pairs (initially all at 50%) were assigned large fitness effects and were simulated within a biblical framework. We show both the minor (red = less favored) and major (green = more favored) alleles in this plot. These allele pairs responded rapidly to natural selection, effectively emptying the central part of the distribution and driving the high impact alleles to the left and right extremes (this effectively fills “gap zone” separating the high-frequency created alleles and low- frequency mutational alleles). Such strong selective sweeps would be expected to carry many low-impact linked alleles along with them. In the Discussion section we will describe the implications of numerous strong demographic forces (such as selective sweeps), that can eclipse the effects of drift. D. Simulations combining both mutational alleles and designed alleles We did a preliminary simulation where we combined designed alleles (initially all at 50%) with mutational alleles (Figure 6a). The resulting distribution reveals that the rare mutational alleles on the far left, and the designed alleles are spreading along the x-axis, with the mode at 50%. This outcome is obviously very different from the observed allele distribution. We then did an experiment where designed alleles (initially all at 25%) were combined with mutational alleles (Figure 6b). The resulting distribution reflects the relatively rare mutational alleles on the far left, smoothly transitioning into the designed alleles spread along the x-axis. The resulting distribution was very similar to the actually observed allele distribution (Figure 8, Table 2). The exact shape of this curve would depend on the early population growth rates, as well as various population dynamics such as selective sweeps, lineage extinctions, etc., as will be discussed. 4. Illustration of the Designed Gametes Model Using Logic and Numerical Simulation Lastly, we examined the feasibility that God designed a unique genotype for each gametogonium of Adam and Eve. Given the premise of a miraculously created Adam and Eve, a logical way for God to bless later generations with abundant “good” diversity Sanford et al. ◀ Designed genetic diversity in Adam and Eve ▶ 2018 ICC 207 Figure 4a. This is a simple illustration of a designed allele distribution, similar to Figure 3b, but with all initial minor alleles starting at a frequency of 25%, and after just 20 generations. The designed alleles have a distribution strongly skewed toward the left. Mendel has plotted allele frequencies from 1–100%. Simulated and plotted using Mendel version 2.7.2. Figure 4b. This is a simple illustration of a designed allele distribution, similar to Figure 4a, but after 200 generations of drift. It assumes no mutations and a population with a constant population size of 1000. The designed alleles have a distribution strongly skewed toward the left. Instead of the “hump” that is observed in the middle frequency range as is seen when designed alleles start out with a frequency of 50% (Figure 3c), this distribution is resembles a straight line sloping downward to the right. When mutations are added and the scale is normalized, this type of curve approximates the lower section of the actual allele frequency distribution. When biblical population constrictions are added there is much more allele spreading, resulting in a distribution that is nearly flat. Mendel has plotted allele frequencies from 1–100%. Simulated and plotted using Mendel version 2.7.2.