The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

evolutionary Adam and Eve scenarios, where Adam and Eve derive from an evolutionary population, constituting an extreme single-generation bottleneck, and then in just 200 generations give rise to modern humanity. We have simulated biblical populations where Adam and Eve are created miraculously as the first human couple just 200 generations ago, being massively heterozygous by design (Figures 5b), with a subsequent population bottleneck at the time of Noah. We have simulated biblical populations where Adam and Eve begin as the first couple just 200 generations ago, having their millions of gametogonia created genetically distinct – such that their sperm and egg cells would represent a very large gene pool (Figure 7). Figure 8 shows the distributions of Figures 1a, 2b, 2c, 6b, and 7, side-by-side. It is visually obvious that the three types of Adam and Eve simulations closely aligned with chr22, while the evolutionary simulation was most discordant. This is also shown quantitatively in Table 2, which shows which distributions were closest to the actually observed distribution. All three of our Adam and Eve simulations could yield allele distributions very similar to the actually observed allele distribution. Again, it was our evolutionary simulation that was most discordant with the actually observed allele distribution. All of the types of simulations listed above can be further fine-tuned to yield allele distributions that better match the actually observed allele frequency distribution. Both evolutionists and creationists can invoke hypothetical mechanisms to bring their simulated curves into closer alignment with the actual data. The evolutionary simulation (Figure2b) indicates a distinctly softer “bend” in the distribution, compared to the actually observed distribution. In order to reconcile evolutionary simulations with the real data, evolutionists need to invoke a long-term population bottleneck in the distant past (all bottlenecks seem to tighten the bend). Similarly, in order to match the actually observed allele distribution, our biblical simulations clearly require at least one severe population size constriction. While both the evolutionary and biblical models require genetic bottlenecking, for the evolutionary model to invoke a bottleneck is entirely post hoc , while for the creation model bottlenecking is inherent and integral. Most geneticists assume allele frequency distributions arise primarily by random accumulation of mutations and random genetic drift, both of which require deep time. Given that perspective, it would seem impossible for two people to give rise to modern humanity in just a few hundred generations. However, from a creation perspective, we see many SNPs not as mutational alleles but as created alleles. This greatly reduces the time needed to generate the observed number of SNPs. Likewise, there are demographic forces that can cause allele frequencies to shift much faster than classic random genetic drift can accomplish. We suggest there is a real need for a more realistic model of genetic drift and allele frequency change. We are convinced that a more realistic understanding of how alleles change (apart from mere gametic sampling) will greatly reduce the time needed to generate the actually observed allele distribution. Drift is thought to happen almost exclusively due to tiny sampling fluctuations in the gametic gene pool, generation after generation. This is a diffusion model – very slow, very steady, very clock- like. It is an ever-present, entropic dissipation. Not only is the standard model of genetic drift extremely slow and weak, it is extremely unrealistic biologically. It assumes that; 1) there is no natural selection happening; and 2) there is perfect random mating (no sub-populations). Both of these assumptions are known to be profoundly wrong. We suggest that for higher organisms any real global population is always being subjected to strong demographic forces that are much more powerful than genetic drift, causing allele frequency patterns to change much faster than has ever been simulated. If we consider recent human history, it is clear that the primary cause of changing allele patterns has not been due to random drift but has been due to many other demographic factors. For example, the human population has continuously experienced dramatic changes in composition due to war, conquest, disease, technology, etc. In the recent past, the European population exploded as colonialism went global. Multiple factors caused Native American populations to collapse. At present European, Japanese, and Korean populations are shrinking. At the same time the people of India, many parts of Sanford et al. ◀ Designed genetic diversity in Adam and Eve ▶ 2018 ICC 210 Figure 7. This is a designed gametes simulation. The population begins with 50 offspring of Adam and Eve who were derived from 100 of Adam and Eve’s designed gametes (gametegonia) (case w35b49). This initial population grows for 9 generations, followed by a biblical bottleneck (3 reproducing couples), and then regrowth up to 1000 individuals. The simulation was halted in the 200 th generation. Mutational alleles are shown in red, while designed alleles are purple (un-favored alleles) or gold (favored alleles). All alleles were near-neutral. The plotted allele frequencies are from 1–50%. Simulated and plotted using new Mendel-Go version. Figure 8. The normalized distributions of Figures 1a (chromosome 22), 2b (Evolutionary Model), 2c (Evolutionary Adam and Eve Model), 6b (Designed Alleles Model), and 7 (Designed Gametes Model), plotted for purposes of comparison. Clearly, a number of different biblical models align surprisingly well with the actually observed allele frequency data.