The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

PC 3 likewise separates non-massopod sauropodomorphs (e.g., Plateosaurus , Pantydraco , etc.) from non-sauropod massopods (e.g., Riojasaurus , Anchisaurus , Massospondylus , etc.) (Fig. 46). Thecodontosaurus and Pantydraco , two “basal” “prosauropods”, group together and are somewhat separated from the other taxa in Fig. 45, but in Fig. 46 they overlap with other “prosauropods”. The guaiabasaurids (including Panphagia ) and Eoraptor , which have all been controversially considered “basal” sauropodomorphs, also form a cluster distinct from other outgroup taxa except the herrerasaurid Chindesaurus in Fig. 45. The BDC results for Otero et al .’s (2015) data matrix show two blocks of positive correlation separated from each other by negative correlation: a sauropod block and a block containing “basal” sauropods ( Antetonitrus and Gongxianosaurus ), “basal”sauropodomorphs, and some outgroup taxa (non- dinosaurian dinosauromorphs, herrerasaurids, etc.) (Fig. 47). There is one taxon pairing that links the two blocks with positive correlation: Antetonitrus and Vulcanodon . Removal of the sauropod and non-sauropodomorph taxa does not reveal obvious evidence for discontinuities within the larger block of positive correlation. PCAresults forSauropodomorpha fromOteroet al . (2015) paralleled BDC but again revealed complicated spatial relationships. PCA results agreed with BDC by clustering “basal” sauropodomorph taxa far from the sauropod taxa (Fig. 48). PC 1 and PC 2 reveal a trajectory of taxa stretching from the non-sauropodomorph outgroups up to the non-sauropod Plateosauria. Although the trajectory is a continuum, it is punctuated by gaps with no taxa. One gap occurs between non-dinosaurs and dinosaurs, the next (a small gap) between non-sauropodomorphs and the questionably “basalmost” sauropodomorphs ( Eoraptor and Saturnalia ), the next between Saturnalia and Pantydraco + Thecodontosaurus , and then the final between Thecodontosaurus and the non-sauropod plateosaurians. Though clustered, PC 1 and PC 2 groups most non-sauropod plateosaurian taxa near their closest taxonomic relatives (e.g., plateosaurids, non-sauropod sauropodiforms, etc.). PC 3 further separated non-massopodan sauropodomorphs from non-sauropod massopodans (Fig. 49). Among the non- sauropod massopodans, the family Massospondylidae is recognizable, although Aardonyx and Anchisaurus are clustered with the massospondylid taxa. Additionally, Yunnanosaurus and Lufengosaurus cluster with the non-sauropod sauropodiform taxa. Interestingly, Eoraptor and Saturnalia are not aligned with the non-sauropod sauropodomorph trajectory and are instead aligned in the subparallel outgroup trajectory, which forms a stratomorphic morphoseries ( Euparkeria to Marasuchus to Silesaurus to the dinosaur taxa with Ornithischia first, then Sauropodomorpha and Herrerasauridae, and then Neotheropoda; Fig. 49). I. Sauropoda The BDC results for Upchurch et al . ’s (2004) data matrix, in Weishampel et al . (2004), demonstrate separation between the Sauropoda and all other groups (Fig. 50). Sauropoda show positive BDC while having negative BDC against outgroups. Classical MDS reflects separation between sauropods and all outgroups, with Shunosaurus and Omeisaurus ordinating separately (Fig. 51). PCA results likewise suggest some discontinuity between sauropods and other groups yet suggests a separation within sauropods between Diplodocoidea ( Dicraeosaurus , Apatosaurus , and Diplodocus ) and other Sauropoda; this separation is not visible to either BDIST or MDS (Fig. 52). As interesting as these results are, they contain very few sauropod taxa, and whole, large sauropod groups (e.g., Titanosauria) are completely unrepresented. 2. Ornithischia A. Basal Thyreophora The BDC results for Norman, Witmer et al.’s (2004) data matrix, in Weishampel et al . (2004), are shown in Fig. 53. Positive BDC is present between Cerapoda, Lesothosaurus , Scutellosaurus , and the hypothetical outgroup. These four taxa all share negative correlation with Eurypoda (Stegosauria + Ankylosauria). Emausaurus and Scelidosaurus do not correlate with any other taxa in the analysis. Classical MDS results show the three “basal” thyreophorans widely separate from each other and from every other taxon (Fig. 54). PCA results show no clustering between the few groups represented, though Lesothosaurus and Cerapoda group the most closely (Fig. 55). PCA for Breeden’s (2016) matrix shows Pachycephalosauria far away from the other taxa and Ankylosauria and Stegosauria also relatively far removed (Fig. 56). The remaining taxa (ornithopods, ceratopsians, and “basal” thyreophorans) all cluster near each other for PC 1. Similar to the clusters within Sauropodomorpha (Figs. 48 and 49), PC 1 did not clearly separate ornithopods from “basal” thyreophorans. Only PC 2 separated the Eurypoda and other thyreophorans. Pachycephalosauria share overlapping ranges with Eurypoda on PC 2, though both are distantly divided by PC 1. Ornithopod groups connect to thyreophorans through Heterodontosaurus (a “basal” ornithischian), Lesothosaurus (either a “basal” ornithischian or a “basal” thyreophoran), and Agilisaurus (a “basal” neornithischian). PC 3 unites most groups, but it separates out Heterodontosaurus and the ceratopsians from the other taxa and from each other (Fig. 57). PC 3 also separates Psittacosauridae from the neoceratopsian taxa. B. Stegosauria The BDC results for Galton and Upchurch’s (2004b) data matrix, in Weishampel et al . (2004), show a large block of positively correlated stegosaurid taxa that share negative correlation with the hypothetical ancestor (Fig. 58). Huayangosaurus , the most “basal” stegosaur, does not share positive or negative correlation with any other taxon in the analysis. Classical MDS results reflect the BDC results with the majority of Stegosauria spatially grouped. Huayangosaurus is the most distantly ordinated (Fig. 59). For PCA, only groups with at least 60% of character data were analyzed. PCA results likewise show Stegosauria separated from the outgroup with Huayangosaurus spaced halfway between Kentrosaurus (a stegosaur) and the hypothetical outgroup (Fig. 60). Dacentrurus is the farthest removed stegosaur on the plot. All 22 taxa in Raven and Maidment’s (2017) matrix were analyzed. Since removing taxa with less than 50% complete character data would remove more than half the taxa, all taxa were retained. PC 1 reveals separation between Eurypoda and all outgroups for PC 1 (Fig. 61). PC 2 separates stegosaurs from ankylosaurs except for Tuojiangosaurus (73% missing data) and Paranthodon (92% missing data), which group with the ankylosaur taxa. Interestingly, Doran et al. ◀ Dinosaur baraminology ▶ 2018 ICC 426