The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

taxa (Marginocephalia and the hypothetical outgroup), whereas the other contains all of the “hypsolophodont”-grade ornithopods, including parksosaurids (thescelosaurids), which have recently been suggested to actually be outside Ornithopoda (Boyd 2015). Classical MDS results show separation between Ornithopoda and Marginocephalia, as well as between Ornithopoda and Heterodontosaurus tucki (Fig. 69). PCA results likewise suggest a general grouping of Ornithopoda separate from Marginocephalia and Heterodontosaurus (Fig. 70). E. Basal Iguanodontia The BDC results for Norman’s (2004) data matrix, in Weishampel et al . (2004), show two blocks of positive correlation separated by negative correlation in most instances: 1) Hadrosauriformes and 2) non-hadrosauriform ornithopods + outgroup taxa (Fig. 71). Classical MDS results (Fig. 72) show two main clusters separated from each other by morphological space, which correspond to the blocks of positive correlation in the BDC results. PCA results show rhabdodontids and Tenontosaurus clustered with the outgroup taxa, but Dryosaurus and Camptosaurus are clustered together at a distance away (Fig. 73). There is a trajectory beginning with non-hadrosauroid iguanodonts and moving up to non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids, and finally a hadrosaurid at the very top left corner. The PCA results of the Madiza (2017) dataset reveal separation between Hadrosauriformes and non-hadrosauriform iguanodonts for PC 1 (Fig. 74). For PC 2, non-hadrosauromorph hadrosauriforms (e.g., Iguanodon , Ouranosaurus , etc.) are separated from non- hadrosaurid hadrosauromorphs, which are also separated from hadrosaurids. Although the outgroup overlaps with Tenontosaurus in Fig. 74, PC 3 separates the outgroup from these “basal” iguanodonts (Fig. 75). Additionally, PC 3 separates rhabdodontids ( Zalmoxes ) from other “basal” iguanodonts. PCA separated Hadrosauriformes and non-hadrosauriform Iguanodontia along PC 1 for McDonald’s (2012) data matrix (Fig. 76). PC 2 divided a series of Hadrosauroidea from non- hadrosauroid Hadrosauriformes and the “basal” hadrosauroid Altirhinus . Additionally, PC 2 separates non-hadrosauriform dryomorphs from non-dryomorphs (including Tenontosaurus and Zalmoxes ). PC 3 separated several Hadrosauromorpha from the rest of the Iguanodontia and outgroups (Fig. 77). F. Hadrosauridae The BDC results for Horner et al.’s (2004) data matrix, in Weishampel et al . (2004), show two main blocks of positive correlation separated by negative correlation: 1) Hadrosauridae (the larger block) and 2) non-hadrosaurid taxa (Fig. 78). Within the hadrosaurid block, there are two separate blocks of positive correlation, which correspond to the two traditional hadrosaurid subfamilies: the crested lambeosaurines and the crestless hadrosaurines (now called saurolophines, to the exclusion of Hadrosaurus ). Loose connections of positive correlation exist between the two subfamily blocks (mainly involving Nipponosaurus and Parasaurolophus ). Classical MDS show separation of Hadrosauridae and outgroups and possibly suggests a small separation between the two hadrosaurid subfamilies (Fig. 79). PCA results likewise suggest separation of Hadrosauridae from outgroups by PC 1 and separation between the subfamilies by PC 2 (Fig. 80). PCA for the Cruzado-Caballero and Powell (2017) matrix reveals three clear clusters for PC 1 and PC 2: Saurolophinae, Lambeosaurinae, and non-hadrosaurid Hadrosauriformes + the hypothetical outgroup (Fig. 81). Lambeosaurinae taxa form a tightly-spaced series (except for Jaxartosaurus and Tsintaosaurus , which are at a distance away) while the Saurolophinae taxa are more widely spaced. Additionally, the saurolophine morphoseries includes a gap. The morphoseries above (“Saurolophinae 1”) is stratomorphic while the second is not. Saurolophinae 1 and Saurolophinae 2 are separated again by PC 3 (Fig. 82). Saurolophinae 1 corresponds to Kritosaurini + Brachylophosaurini + Aralosaurus , and Saurolophinae 2 corresponds to Edmontosaurini + Saurolophini + Lophorhothon . Hadrosaurus does not cluster with the hadrosaurids. PC 3 also separates the non-hadrosaurid hadrosauriforms into two groups: non-hadrosaurosauromorph hadrosauriforms (below) and non-hadrosaurid hadrosauromorphs (above). G. Pachycephalosauria The BDC results for Maryańska et al.’s (2004) data matrix, in Weishampel et al . (2004), show three blocks of positive correlation: traditional Pachycephalosauridae (domed), traditional Homalocephalidae (flat-headed), and the outgroup taxa (Fig. 83). None of the blocks share positive correlation between them, but the traditional pachycephalosaurids all share negative correlation with the outgroup taxa. Classical MDS results show separation between Pachycephalosauridae, the outgroups, and the two “homalocephalids”. (Fig. 84). For PCA analysis, only groups with at least 75% of character data were analyzed. PCA results likewise suggest separation of Pachycephalosauridae from Homalocephale , Goyocephale , and Ceratopsia (Fig. 85). Pachycephalosauridae for Schott (2011) demonstrated separation from outgroups along PC 1. PC 1 shows separation between Pachycephalosauridae, the “basal” pachycephalosaur Wannanosaurus , and the outgroup taxa (Fig. 86). The widely- space members of the morphoseries along PC 2 may indicate additional divisions exist among pachycephalosaurs. For example, PC 3 separates all of the flat-headed pachycephalosaurs ( Dracorex , Goyocephale , Homalocephale , and Wannanosaurus ) from the dome-headed pachycephalosaurs (Fig. 87). Additionally, the closest dome-headed pachycephalosaur to the flat-headed forms is Stygimoloch , which has a small, narrow dome, which is unlike the condition in most pachycephalosaurs. It has been suggested that Dracorex and Stygimoloch are not separate species, but a part of a single growth series that ends in Pachycephalosaurus (Horner and Goodwin 2009). H. “Basal” Ceratopsia The BDC results for Hailu and Dodson’s (2004) data matrix, in Weishampel et al . (2004), show three blocks of positive correlation: 1) the non-neoceratopsian ceratopsians ( Psittacosaurus and Chaoyangsaurus ) and outgroup taxa, 2) the non-ceratopsid neoceratopsians, and 3) the two ceratopsid taxa ( Triceratops and Centrosaurus ) (Fig. 88). All of the neoceratopsians share negative correlation with the non-neoceratopsian + outgroup block except for Archaeoceratops . There is no correlation of any kind between Doran et al. ◀ Dinosaur baraminology ▶ 2018 ICC 434