The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

for future fossil record studies. One reason we introduced PCA alongside other statistical baraminology approaches was to examine its utility in elucidating the structure of dinosaurian morphospace and discerning holobaramins. In fact, while agreeing with other methods, PCA additionally revealed complex morphospatial patterns in a number of groups. For example, PCA revealed a division within Ceratopsidae at the subfamily level (Fig. 95-96). The lack of negative BDC, and spatial gap in MDS, suggested – though did not require – the same division. Sauropods provided an even clearer example. Both BDC and MDS united two sauropod groups (Diplodocoidea and Macronaria) without revealing much distinction (Fig. 47 and 48). In contrast, PCA identified a clear separation between Diplodocoidea and Macronaria (Fig. 49). Other divisions visible within the 2004 data were found for Ornithomimosauria, Therizinosauroidea, Oviraptorosauria, Stegosauria, Hadrosauridae, as well as deep separation between members of various basal groups ( e.g., Saurischia, Tetanurae, etc.). Though the fossil record cannot yield the biological information Wilson called for, the results here suggest that new statistical tools may aid our ability to capture discontinuities between natural groups (holobaramins) in the context of multivariate space. Senter (2010) posed an interesting challenge concerning MDS, namely that time will fill in all morphological gaps.After comparing the 2004 data to later matrices it is entirely possible that the reverse is true: improved Dinosauria datasets may provide better definition of discontinuities and groupings in the morphospace of these intriguing organisms. Our analyses here may only be scratching the surface. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and corrections. Neal Doran would also like to thank his family for patient assistance during this project: Nicole, Andrea, Priscilla, and Danielle. Matt McLain would like to thank his family for their patience, Todd Wood for helpful baraminology discussions, and John Whitmore for his encouragement in finishing this paper. REFERENCES Aaron, M. 2014a. Baraminological analysis of the Caseidae (Synapsida: Pelycosauria). Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B : Life Sciences 4:19–22. Aaron, M. 2014b. Discerning tyrants from usurpers: A statistical baraminological analysis of Tyrannosauroidea yielding the first dinosaur holobaramin. Answers Research Journal 7:459–477. Arbour, V.M., and P.J. Currie. 2015. Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features. Journal of Anatomy 227:514-523. Baron, M.G. 2018. The Origin and Early Evolution of the Dinosauria [PhD thesis]. Cambridge University, Cambridge. Baron, M.G., D.B. Norman, and P.M. Barrett. 2017. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543:501- 506. Boyd, C.A. 2015. The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ 3:495-520. Breeden, B.T. 2016. Observations on the osteology of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981 (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) on the basis on new specimens from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona [Master’s Thesis]. University of Texas, Austin. Brissón Egli, F., F.L. Agnolín, and F. Novas. 2016. A new specimen of Velocisaurus unicus (Theropoda, Abelisauroidea) from the Paso Córdoba locality (Santonian), Río Negro, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36:4. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1119156 Bronzati, M. 2017. Braincase Anatomy in Non-Neosauropodan Sauropodomorphs: Evolutionary and Functional Aspects [PhD thesis]. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München. Brusatte, S. L., M. A. Norell, T. D. Carr, G. M. Erickson, J. R. Hutchinson, A.M. Balanoff, G.S. Bever, J.N. Choiniere, P.J. Makovicky, and X. Xu. 2010. Tyrannosaur paleobiology: New research on ancient exemplar organisms. Science 329:1481. Brusatte, S.L., and T.D. Carr. 2016. The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs. Scientific Reports , 6:20252. Carr, T.D., and T.E. Williamson. 2010. Bistahieversor sealeyi a new tyrannosauroid from New Mexico and the origin of deep snouts in Tyrannosauroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1–16. Carrano, M.T., R.B.J. Benson, and S.D. Sampson. 2012. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10:2, 211-300. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2011.630927 Cavanaugh, D., T. Wood, and K. Wise. 2003. Fossil equidae: a monobaraminic, stratomorphic series. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism , ed. R.L. Ivey Jr., pp. 143– 153. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Cavanaugh, D. 2011. An ANOPA Study of coelurosaurian theropods. Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 1:18. Chinzorig, T., Y. Kobayashi, K. Tsogtbaatar, P.J. Currie, R. Takasaki, T. Tanaka, M. Iijima, and R. Barsbold. 2018. Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Manus morphological variation and diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 91-100. Clark, J.M., T. Maryańska, and R. Bardbold. 2004. Therizinosauroidea. In The Dinosauria , 2 nd eds. D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska, pp. 151-164. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cruzado-Caballero, P., and J. Powell. 2017. Bonapartesaurus rionegrensis , a new hadrosaurine dinosaur from South America: Implications for phylogenetic and biogeographic relationswithNorthAmerica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(2). doi: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1289381 DeWitt, D.A. 2010. Baraminological analysis places Homo habilis , Homo rudolfensis and Australopithecus sediba in the human holobaramin: discussion. Answers Research Journal 3:156-158. Dodson, P., C.A. Forster, and S.D. Sampson. 2004. Ceratopsidae. In The Dinosauria , 2 nd eds. D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska, pp. 494-516. Berkeley: University of California Press. Farke, A.A., W.D. Maxwell, R.L. Cifelli, and M.J. Wedel. 2014. A ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of western North America, and the biogeography of Neoceratopsia. PLoS ONE 9(12): e112055. Foth C., and Rauhut O.W.M. 2017. Re-evaluation of the Haarlem Archaeopteryx and the radiation of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17:236 Fry, J. J. 2015. Redescription of a specimen of Pentaceratops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and phylogenetic evaluation of five referred specimens from the upper Cretaceous of New Mexico [Masters Theses]. 45. http:// scholars.fhsu.edu/theses/45 Doran et al. ◀ Dinosaur baraminology ▶ 2018 ICC 448