The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

6 depicts the influence on the near-side surface rise during a near pass event. The surface rise on the near-side has similar influences as the surface rise on the approaching face. However, the surface rise on the far-side face, seen in Figure 7, received only a slight influence from the core material and passing body mass and is driven mainly by the passing object distance, stationary body size, and the core/material ratio. Additionally, the large deformation on the near-side causes a Poisson contraction on the other faces, which is largely dominated by the material properties of the stationary body. To illustrate the effects of a Poisson’s contraction on the stationary body rise, the influence of the out-of-plane deformation is shown in Figure 8. Similarly, the dominating influences are the passing object distance, stationary body size, and the core/material ratio. The core material and passing body mass have lower order influence on the deformation, the latter of which is related to the geometry and material properties of the stationary body, which would naturally have significant influence on the Poisson effect giving the out-of-plane deformation. 3. Detailed Examination of Near Pass Phenomenon The two cases chosen for a detailed examination of near pass phenomena are inspired by the rocky inner planets of our Solar System. The primary body is two-layered with Earth sized dimensions and mass distribution. The near pass body masses reflect a large mass difference (case one with 100:1 mass ratio) and an equal mass interaction (case two). The near pass velocities represent a slow approach (case one at 5,000 m/s) consistent with an interaction between a rocky planet with similar orbits, and a fast approach (case two at 20,000 m/s) consistent with interactions of high eccentricity orbits crossing with inner Solar System bodies. A. Case I: Near Pass of Lunar Mass Object Figure 9 illustrates the surface elevation change during a near pass event of a moon sized object at several locations of interest (points A-E) along the stationary body (earth). Figure 9a shows the surface elevation change for a simulation where the mantle layer is modeled as a linear elastic material with a constant, pressure independent elastic modulus and no permanent plastic deformation. This simulation allows us to see the surface rise from the elastic unloading effect as the gravitational field from the passing mass modifies the self-gravity field for every element in the model Earth. Initially, at the early stages of the fly-by approach, the surfaces at points A, B, C, and D began to expand, while the out-of-plane surface at E began to contract. As the passing object approaches the point of nearest passage, the maximum surface elevation changes occur at the near and far-side (points C and D), while the surfaces at A and B and the out-of-plane surface at E, contracted to form the egg-like mode shape due to a Poisson’s effect. Due to this contraction, there exists a drastic elevation change from point A to point C and would cause significant tidal disturbances worldwide during such an event. The wall of water generated by the near pass would be close to the same magnitude required (2500 m) from John Baumgardner’s large-scale sedimentation model (Baumgardner 2013) and could provide a mechanism for understanding the sediment sequences covering the surface of the Earth. It is important to note that the movement of water in this scenario would not be due primarily to a change in tidal acceleration experienced by water molecules within the oceans, but rather from the shape change of ocean basins containing the water due to elastic unloading of the entire mantle of the model Earth. Figure 9b shows the surface elevation change for a simulation where the mantle layer is modeled as an elastic/plastic material with temperature and pressure dependent elastic modulus and yield surface. In contrast with the elastic simulation, where surface points returned to their original elevations after the near pass event, the elastic + plastic simulation retains permanent body deformation from flow within the mantle that combines to retain a surface elevation change after the near pass event. Figure 10 shows the total displacements at five time steps during the near passage for an equatorial cross section of the model Earth. These displacements include the elastic distortion and the plastic flow. The final frame of Figure 10 labeled 20,000 seconds (5.5 hours) after time of Seely et al. ◀ Finite element analysis of a near impact event ▶ 2018 ICC 58 Figure 3. Comparison of the simulated pressure dependent density, bulk modulus, and shear modulus profiles to the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981) through the mantle depth. Figure 4. Simulated internal pressure profile of the two-layer moon sized object model (iron core, olivine mantle) due to self-gravity.