The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

nearest passage shows the distribution of permanent displacement due to plastic flow. Figure 11 shows the effective plastic strain for the same section but restricted to the mantle layer for five time steps during the fly-by. The early plastic strains are distributed through the full mantle beneath the approach-side face, A, with the largest plastic strains near the core/mantle interface. The plastic strain spreads around the mantle toward the near-side face, C, but to a lesser degree. This difference in plastic strain at later intervals could be due to the hardening induced in the mantle region on the approach-side face inhibiting the later flow into the near-side region. The difference could also be due to the higher strain rate during the near passage phase, although the closer distance at time of nearest passage produces a larger driving force. Figure 12 shows the isotropic hardening (κ) distribution for an equatorial section of the mantle layer for five time steps during the fly-by. The region of highest hardening is adjacent to the core/mantle interface near the approach side and adds 10 MPa to the initial yield surface. The use of a complex ISV elastic-plastic model for the mantle allows for a more detailed understanding of the mantle’s response to deformation. With the current model, isotropic hardening (κ) is the critical ISV for influencing the resulting deformation through dislocation build up and recovery. Kinematic hardening values are approximately 20% of isotropic hardening. The evolution of the isotropic hardening variable is depicted in Figure 12. Modern tsunamis are generated during an earthquake when the elastic strain energy stored in the oceanic crust is relieved by a rupture causing a net change in ocean basin volume or morphology. Figure 9a and b shows the relative displacement of the model Earth surface points at 90 degrees of longitudinal separation. If a pre-flood ocean basin were to span these regions during a lunar mass fly-by, the effect would be analogous to lifting one edge of the ocean floor basin by as much as 400 meters at the peak of the transient and as much as 200 meters in permanent relative offset. While the primary question for this first case related to the possible role in flood initiation or providing a driving force for ocean water inundation, the most remarkable observation is the global pattern of elevation change. Figure 13 shows a spherical map of permanent radial displacement ranging from 120m below to 120m above the initial body surface. Even though the largest local plastic deformation was 360 µm/m (0.036% strain), the cumulative effect Seely et al. ◀ Finite element analysis of a near impact event ▶ 2018 ICC 59 Figure 8. Normalized influence of each design of experiment parameter on the out-of-plane contraction of the stationary body (earth). Note that the passing object distance, stationary body size, and the core/material ratio all were first order influence parameters. Figure 7. Normalized influence of each design of experiment parameter on the surface rise of the far-side of the stationary body (earth). Note that the passing object distance, stationary body size, and the core/material ratio all were first order influence parameters. Figure 6. Normalized influence of each design of experiment parameter on the surface rise of the near-side face of the stationary body (earth). Note that the passing object distance, stationary body size, and the core/material ratio all were first order influence parameters. Figure 5. Normalized influence of each design of experiment parameter related to the surface deformation of the approach face of the stationary body (earth). The results show that the passing object distance, stationary body size, and the core/material ratio have a first order parametric influence on the surface deformation.