The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

through the mantle results in a global highland region with two peaks each spanning 30 steradians and a band of lowland stretching along the far-side between the passage axis poles. B. Case II: Near Pass of Earth Mass Object The second case considers the passage of an Earth mass object passing at a distance of approximately 3 diameters which is outside the roach limit for rocky planets. During the course of fly-by, the model Earth began to elongate in an egg-like shape and followed the passing object’s trajectory. As the passing object begins to retreat from the stationary body, large amounts of hardening and plastic deformation accumulate on the approach and near-side face, suggesting that the majority of the plasticity response occurs within the approach side of the fly-by object. The distinction of case II is immediately apparent in the total displacements shown in Figure 14 compared to Figure 10 for case I. The largest residual displacements vectors after passage occur between the near-side and retreat-side and follow nearly parallel to the surface resulting in approximately 60 km of lateral displacement. Figure 15 shows the Von Mises stress for an equatorial section of the mantle layer for 5 time steps during the Earth mass passage. The initial frame, labeled -10,000 seconds before nearest passage, is shown retaining the Mises stress from the initial gravitational loading step unlike Figure 16 where the plastic strains from the initial gravitational loading step have been removed. Comparing the second frame from Figure 14, Figure 15 and Figure 16, labeled -2,500 and -5,000 seconds, as mantle material flows away from the far-side and retreat-side face, the Mises stress decreases while no plastic strain occurs. At the same time, mantle material flows toward the approach-side face where Mises stress rises above yield and plastic strain begins. Figure 16 demonstrates the evolution of the plastic strain accumulated from the hardening response during the near pass event. Figure 17 shows the progression of isotropic Seely et al. ◀ Finite element analysis of a near impact event ▶ 2018 ICC 60 Figure 9. The stationary body (model Earth) surface elevation change of reference points during the near pass of a lunar mass object over a 24 hour timespan for (a) linear elastic mantle material and (b) elastic/plastic ISV mantle material with pressure/temperature dependent elastic moduli. The magnitudes of elevation change are reduced using the pressure dependent ISV model and show permanent deformation. The dashed line indicates time of nearest passage point (peri-apsis distance of 45,000m) for both simulations. Surface reference points A and B are the approach and retreat faces, C and D are the near and far side faces, and E is the out-of-plane polar contraction face.