The Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism (2018)

hardening as the Earth mass object passes nearest approach. In contrast to case I, where the maximum isotropic hardening is 10 MPa, for case II the maximum is 1.9 GPa occurring at just above the core/mantle boundary between the near-side and retreat-side. The maximum strain rate (3.5x 10 -6 s -1 ) also occurred in the same region. The distribution of kinematic hardening for case II follows the pattern of case I, initiating on the approach side near the core/ mantle interface. Ratio of the passing masses for case II to case I is approximately 100 as is the ratio of isotropic hardening and plastic strain. However, the case II to case I ratio of radial surface displacement is 200. The most striking feature of the case II simulation is the stark global relief pattern remaining when the transient elastic loading from the fly-by has dissipated. Figure 18 shows the permanent radial displacement after passage of the fly-by Earth mass. The color map on projected hemispheres shows elevations ranging from 21,500 meters above to 9,000 meters below the original surface of the model Earth. Like case I, in Figure 18 a global pattern of highlands and lowlands is visible. The planet Mars is a Solar System body that exhibits a global trend of highlands and lowlands. Figure 19 shows the topography map of Mars collected by the Mars Global Surveyor experiment (NASA/ JPL) projected onto a sphere. The Sphere was oriented to best match the patterns from the case II simulation. The near passage pole is oriented approximately 50 degrees from the rotation axis of Mars. The case II simulation applied a passing velocity of 20,000 m/s where most of the plastic deformation took place within 2 hours surrounding the time of nearest passage. The case I simulation was slower at 5,000 m/s allowing an 8 hour window to induce the global deformation pattern. Both case I and II were applied to non- rotating models. The current rotation of Mars is 24.4 ±0.05 hours. If the analog from case II holds for the near passage of a Martian Seely et al. ◀ Finite element analysis of a near impact event ▶ 2018 ICC 61 Figure 10. Cross sectional view of the stationary body (model Earth) along the equatorial x-y plane showing the total displacement occurring during fly-by for both mantle and core material. Counter clockwise from the upper left are shown displacements at time steps referenced to time of nearest passage. The position of the fly-by mass is shown as it passes above the stationary object from right to left (indicated by arrows). Note the presence of residual displacements after passage.