second proconsulid cluster and the hominid cluster. Cluster analysis of the simple matching and Jaccard distances from the Gilbert et al. (2020) character matrix are all quite poor, with average silhouette widths no greater than 0.25 (Figure 10). For both distance metrics, the best partition is the three-cluster medoid partition (average silhouette width 0.25 for simple matching distances and 0.24 for Jaccard distances). With the simple matching distances, the three medoid partition clusters consist of (1) a small cluster of Oreopithecus and the two Nyanzapithecus species, (2) the hominids and the proconsulid Morotopithecus (which has a negative silhouette width), and (3) the remaining proconsulids. With Jaccard distances, the three medoid partition clusters are (1) Oreopithecus, Turkanapithecus, and both species of Nyanzapithecus, (2) the hominids plus the proconsulids Morotopithecus and Afropithecus, and (3) the remaining proconsulids. The matrix from Rasmussen et al. (2019) was used with all taxa. Distance correlation separated the outgroup cercopithecoids from the remaining taxa with both simple matching and Jaccard distances and with Pearson and Spearman correlations (Figure 11). Using the simple matching distances, two-cluster medoid partitioning had the best average silhouette width of 0.26 (Figure 12). The two clusters closely resemble the clusters observed in the distance correlation results, except Nyanzapithecus harrisoni is included in the cercopithecoid cluster (with a silhouette width of -0.11). Using Jaccard distances, the two-cluster medoid partition has an average silhouette width of only 0.23 and places both Nyanzapithecus pickfordi (silhouette width -0.028) and the platyrhine outgroup Aotus (silhouette width -0.010) in the cercopithecoid cluster. The two-cluster fuzzy analysis produced the same hard partition for both simple matching and Jaccard distances, but the clusters differed yet again from the medoid partition. Fuzzy analysis included Nyanzapithecus pickfordi and the platyrhines Cebus and Aotus in the cercopithecoid cluster. Finally, the taxon sample from Rasmussen et al. (2019) was reduced to include only what they consider hominoids, and the distance correlations and cluster analyses were recalculated (Figure 13). Using simple matching distances, five clusters were seen with Pearson correlations: (1) Rangwapithecus, Turkanapithecus, and all three species of Nyanzapithecus, (2) extant apes chimpanzee, gorilla, orangFigure 5. Distance correlation results using the Pugh (2022) characters and the Hominidae taxon subset. Correlations and distance metrics are shown in the diagram. Filled squares indicate significant, positive distance correlation. Open circles indicate significant, negative correlation. BRUMMEL AND WOOD Preliminary Evaluation of Ape Baramins 2023 ICC 154
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