Figure 15. Frequency with which 28 hominoid and primate taxa cluster together in the 84 cluster analyses presented herein. Note that most taxa are not present in all 84 cluster analyses. The heat map continuum runs from red (low frequency) to yellow (high frequency). uncertain. Presently, there must be at least two ape holobaramins: Paranthropus and everything else. Realistically, there are likely to be more. For example, if Hylobatidae turns out to be a holobaramin (consistent with other mammal families being holobaramins), then the apes would have at minimum three holobaramins. We anticipate future fossil discoveries and ongoing research on known fossils will help to clarify the baraminic status of all hominoids and will support their separate creation from Adam and Eve, our human progenitors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported in part by a grant from the Genesis Fund, a Sanders Scholarship to PSB, and donations to Core Academy of Science. REFERENCES Ackermann, R.R., and J.M. Bishop. 2010. Morphological and molecular evidence reveals recent hybridization between gorilla taxa. Evolution 64:271–290. DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00858.x. Alba, D.M., S. Almécija, D. DeMiguel, J. Fortuny, M.P. de los Ríos, M. Pina, J.M. Robles, and S. Moyà-Solà. 2015. Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution. Science 350:aab2625. DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2625. Almécija, S., A.S. Hammond, N.E. Thompson, K.D. Pugh, S. MoyàSolà, and D.M. Alba. 2021. Fossil apes and human evolution. Science 372:eabb4363. DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4363. Arnold, M.L., and A. Meyer. 2006. Natural hybridization in primates: one evolutionary mechanism. Zoology 109:261–276. DOI: 10.1016/j. zool.2006.03.006. Baicharoen, S., T. Miyabe-Nishiwaki, Y. Hirai, K. Duangsa-ard, B. Siriaroonrat, and H. Hirai. 2010. Intergeneric and interspecific hybrids in gibbons: chromosomal aspects of the small ape evolution. Primate Research Supplement International Primatological Society, pp. 442–442. DOI: 10.14907/primate.26.0.442.0. Banes, G.L., E.D. Fountain, A. Karklus, R.S. Fulton, L. Antonacci-Fulton, and J.O. Nelson. 2022. Nine out of ten samples were mistakenly switched by The Orang-utan Genome Consortium. Scientific Data 9:485. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01602-0. Begun, D.R., C.V. Ward, and M.D. Rose. 1997. Events in hominoid evolution. In D.R. Begun, C.V. Ward, and M.D. Rose (editors), Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations, pp. 389–415. New York City: Springer. Benoit, J., and F.J. Thackeray. 2017. A cladistic analysis of Graecopithecus. South African Journal of Science 113, nos. 11-12:1–2. DOI: 10.17159/ sajs.2017/a0238. Cameron, D.W. 1997. A revised systematic scheme for the Eurasian Miocene fossil Hominidae. Journal of Human Evolution 33:449–477. DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0145. Chatterjee, H.J. 2009. Evolutionary relationships among the gibbons: a biogeographic perspective. In D. Whittaker and S. Lappan (editors), The Gibbons, pp. 13–36. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-886046_2. Chiarelli, B. 1973. Check-list of catarrhina primate hybrids. Journal of Human Evolution 2:301–305. DOI: 10.1016/0047-2484(73)90009-2. Couturier J., B. Dutrillaux, C. Turleau, and J. De Grouchy. 1982. [Comparative karyotyping of our gibbon species or subspecies (author’s transl)]. Annales de Genetique 25, no. 1:5–10. BRUMMEL AND WOOD Preliminary Evaluation of Ape Baramins 2023 ICC 165
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