Figure 4. the number of accumulating deleterious (red), neutral (blue), and favorable (green) mutations in a population of 10,000 individuals with a neutral mutation frequency of 0.25. The number of expected neutral alleles (µ x N x generations = 1.25x109) matches the number at the end of the run (124,950), given a population-size-dependent retention rate of only 0.01% (c.f., Fig. 6). However, the number of expected deleterious alleles (3.75x109) is only slightly larger than the number that remained (343,677), again given a 0.01% retention rate. This tells us that selection cannot remove most deleterious alleles. Figure 3. Inexorable loss of fitness in a population of 10,000 individuals with a neutral mutation frequency of 0.25 (yielding approximately 12.5 slightly deleterious mutations per individual per generation). CARTER Genealogical vs. phylogenetic mutation rates 2023 ICC 173
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