(Liu et al. 2005). As such, differences compared to the general vertebrate mitochondrial gene configuration might possibly be used to discern between holobaramins in some cases. This phenomenon is somewhat rare, as we have seen that in only three of 49 cases the gene order differs significantly in one baramin compared to other baramins. Besides N. erythrosoma, the gene order of two species of deep-sea gulper eels (Saccopharyngiformes), namely Eurypharynx pelecanoides (the pelican eel), and Saccopharynx lavenbergi (the whiptail gulper) also diverge from the typical vertebrate mtDNA gene order (Inoue et al. 2003). In these two species, two gene groups, namely NAD5 and NAD6 as well as ATP8, ATP6, COIII, and NAD3 are positioned to the left of the gene group NAD2, COI, and COII. Lastly, in several of these groups (eels, sharks, rays, flatfish), the use of mtDNA sequence similarity may be useful in delineating multiple putative holobaramins within these apobaramins. However, it may also be the case that mtDNA shows the existence of different sub-lineages within the same holobaramin. This highlights the utility of using molecular data in baraminology studies to discern possible molecular discontinuity beyond the available morphological discontinuity. Since we do not know the exact identity of the fish kinds created during Creation Week, it may be possible that multiple eel, shark, ray, or flatfish kinds were created. These kinds may look similar to one another externally, but their mtDNA sequences are different. However, molecular data must be augmented by other lines of evidence, such as morphological data. NOMENCLATURE Allogenic parasite: a species of parasite that lives in both freshwater and saltwater. Amphidromous: fish that migrate between saltwater and freshwater without the intent of spawning. This may involve laying eggs in freshwater estuaries, which then float out to sea. Anadromous: fish that migrate from freshwater to saltwater in order to spawn. Apobaramin: a group of one or more baramins, which is outwardly discontinuous with all other species. AQP: Aquaporin, a cell membrane channel that allows water to cross the cell membrane. Baramin: a created kind, a reproductive community, with inward continuity and outward discontinuity between species. This is true of the baramin created during Creation Week, however, by today these kinds may have differentiated so that there are reproductive barriers between groups within the same kind. Brackish water: water that has a salinity level between that of freshwater and saltwater, from 0.5–29 ppt (parts per thousand) of dissolved salts. CAT: catalase enzyme. Catadromous: fish that migrate from saltwater to freshwater in order to spawn. CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. DEG: differentially expressed gene. Diadromous: fish that migrate between saltwater and freshwater in order to spawn. Euryhaline: an aquatic organism that can live in both freshwater and saltwater. Freshwater: water that contains less than 0.5 ppt of dissolved salts. GPx: glutathione peroxidase enzyme. GR: glutathione reductase enzyme. Holobaramin: the complete set of known organisms that make up a baramin. Hypertonic: high salt concentration. Hypotonic: low salt concentration. Monobaramin: a group of species that are continuous with one another without regard to continuity with all other species. mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA. NCC: Na+/Cl- cotransporter. NHE3: apical Na+/H+ exchanger 3. NKA: sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) channel. NKCC1: Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1. Oceanodromous: a fish species that complete its entire life cycle in saltwater. Potamodromous: a fish species that complete its entire life cycle in freshwater. ROS: reactive oxygen species. Stenohaline: an aquatic organism that can tolerate only a narrow range of salinity. Saltwater: water that contains >29 ppt of dissolved salts. SOD: superoxide dismutase enzyme. REFERENCES Bal, A., F. Panda, S.G. Pati, K., Das, P.K. Agrawal, P.K., and B. Paital. 2021. Modulation of physiological oxidative stress and antioxidant status by abiotic factors especially salinity in aquatic organisms. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 241:108971. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108971. Blanar, C.A., D.J. Marcogliese, and C.M. Couillard. 2011. Natural and anthropogenic factors shape metazoan parasite community structure in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) from two estuaries in New Brunswick, Canada. Folia Parasitologica 58:240–248. doi: 10.14411/fp.2011.023. Blasco-Costa, I., A.V. Koehler, A. Martin, and R. Poulin. 2013. Upstream-downstream gradient in infection levels by fish parasites: A common river pattern? Parasitology 140, no. 2:266–274. doi: 10.1017/ S0031182012001527. Blewett, T.A., V.E. Ransberry, G.B. McClelland, and C.M. Wood. 2016. Investigating the mechanisms of Ni uptake and sub-lethal toxicity in Atlantic killifish Fundulus heteroclitus in relation to salinity. Environmental Pollution 211:370–381. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.002. Brueggeman, A.J., D.S. Gangadharaiah, M. Cserhati, D.C. Diaz-Cano, D.P. Weeks, and I. Ladunga. 2012. Activation of the carbon concentrating mechanism by CO2 deprivation coincides with massive transcriptional restructuring in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 24, no. 5:1860– CSERHATI Molecular baraminology of fish 2023 ICC 202
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM4ODY=