© Cedarville University International Conference on Creationism. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of Cedarville University. Hennigan, T., Guliuzza, R., Ingle, M., Lansdell, G. 2023. A creation model of design: application of an interface systems model in key global symbiotic relationships. In J.H. Whitmore (editor), Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Creationism, pp. 228-241. Cedarville, Ohio: Cedarville University International Conference on Creationism. A CREATION MODEL OF DESIGN: APPLICATION OF AN INTERFACE SYSTEMS MODEL IN KEY GLOBAL SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Tom Hennigan, Truett McConnell University, The Pilgram Marpeck School of Science, Engineering, Technology, and Math, 100 Alumni Dr., Cleveland, Georgia 30528 USA thennigan@truett.edu Randy Guliuzza, Institute for Creation Research, P.O. Box 59029 Dallas, Texas 75229 USA rguliuzza@ICR.org Matthew Ingle, The Master’s University, School of Science, Mathematics, Technology & Health, 21726 Placerita Canyon Rd., Santa Clarita, California 91321 USA mingle@masters.edu Grace Lansdell, Truett McConnell University, The Pilgram Marpeck School of Science, Engineering, Technology and Math, 100 Alumni Dr., Cleveland, Georgia 30528 USA jlansdell5324@truett.edu ABSTRACT As biologists explore the astonishing complexities of organisms, it has caused them to rethink their biological understanding, especially with organism relationships. Symbiotic relationships, including mutualists, commensals, and parasites, are long term associations between two or more autonomous creatures. They are crucial for biospheric functioning, health, and biogeochemical processes. Evolutionary models explain how and why symbionts interact and include game theory, biological markets, and/or competition- predator/prey interpretations. While these models give important insights, they depend on naturalistic assumptions of random unguided processes and system self-organization. We propose a model of symbiotic relationships focused on guided interface design. The interface is the boundary, on every autonomous organism, where intimate alliances allow for complex communication and product exchange. Elements of the interface are authentication, protocols, and common media and removal or corruption of one or more elements cause an interface system to collapse or malfunction. This may explain how some commensal and parasitic symbioses have developed since the Fall and how long-term relationships can transition from mutualistic to commensal to parasitic as they respond to changing environmental or symbiont conditions in a fallen world. Here we apply our interface model to globally important mutualists (endomycorrhiza and nitrogen fixation) and parasites (malaria and schistosomiasis). We do not address commensalism because more research is needed in this area. Data suggest that a design interface model accounts for all evolutionary interpretations and adds robust detail describing complexities required for autonomous organisms to form intimate relationships. Creation research gives our God ultimate glory and is worthwhile because his invisible attributes including design, omniscience, and relationship are clearly seen, for He desires to be known from what He has made. KEY WORDS interface systems, symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, reverse genetics I. INTRODUCTION As biologists explore the black boxes of organisms inhabiting our biosphere, detailed complexities being revealed continue to amaze researchers and cause them to rethink biological concepts in areas that include metabolism, organism taxonomy, genetic programming, organism-organism interfaces, organism-environment interfaces, and anatomical/physiological functioning (Behe 2006). For example, consider the new microbial descriptions and surprises being discovered about giant viruses and mixotrophic diversity, ecology, and bioremediation (Huang et al. 2021; Li et al. 2022; Schultz et al. 2022). Symbiotic relationships are no exception and these biological discoveries are consistent with intelligent engineering far beyond comprehension. Historically, symbiotic relationships are long term associations between two or more biologically diverse creatures. However, current research is uncovering a far more complicated picture of a plethora of species interacting in and around organisms that is causing a move to rethink symbiotic modeling, for example, in lichens (Allen and Lendemer 2022). Parasitic relationships occur when an organism takes nutrients from its host, generally not causing harm. Commensal associations have been characterized as at least one of the organisms benefiting and others neither hurt nor benefitted. Investigators realize that commensalism has not been well studied and are suggesting that they are complex and dependent on a variety of ecological phenomena (Mathis and Bronstein 2020). Mutualists are alliances where all benefit. Much discussion surrounding symbiotic relationships has focused on their origins, what constitutes a symbiosis, cate9th 2023
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM4ODY=