absorb heat from the floor years into the simulation. It is not obvious how to incorporate this in the model without adding subroutines to the code. However if done, it would slow the transition between a warm ocean and an ice covered ocean. It is the author’s opinion that a low-resolution climate model may be insufficient to generate sufficient snowfall rates regardless of adjusting parameters. Snowfall rates are given in millimeters of equivalent liquid water per day. Across the Midwestern United States, the model predicts a half millimeter per day. Over a winter season, that comes to 45 mm of liquid water equivalent, or 46 cm of fluffy snow. A severe winter storm can deliver at least half of that amount over the course of several days. If the transitioning post-flood climate generates more frequent intense storms, it is reasonable to expect higher rates of snow accumulation. Vardiman and Brewer (2012) pursued this line of reasoning using a mesoscale model. Instead of modeling grid cells 500 km on a side, the mesoscale model uses cells on the order of 30 km on a side. With a higher resolution, intense precipitation events within low pressure systems are more accurately modeled. This extended simulation provides atmospheric and oceanic conditions needed for the growth of an ice sheet. If a mesoscale model were initialized with conditions corresponding to year 160 of this research, it would be possible to study severe storms originating over the ocean that then advect over a preexisting ice sheet. B. Stratospheric aerosols Stratospheric aerosols were introduced in the model to offset the warm ocean’s influence on the atmosphere. Without them, air temperature at the equator can approach 40 °C. However, by using an Figure 14. Snowfall for the four seasons during year 10. Figure 15. Snowfall for the four seasons during year 40. GOLLMER Rapid ice age 2023 ICC 276
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