the literature review, it is clear extensive relevant work is being done in neuroscience, machine learning, and neuromorphic computing. Various publications describe how complex biological neurons and neural networks are and how challenging it is to emulate them fully. To give a context for how human brain function should be considered, a creation model is developed, showing the significant thrusts captured on each day and how everything fashioned by the hand of God led to His crowning creative work by forming man in the image of God. The architecture framework section examined and contrasted biological and artificial neurons and neural networks using a seven-layer full compute stack model that can characterize computing systems. The neuron functional modeling section made observations about the nature of the neuron and how neuron functions can be characterized from various points of view. In terms of neuromorphic computing, artificial neural networks and neuromorphic computing systems are being organized and experimented with, with promising results in computing capability but challenging issues regarding the resources required to make them function as compared to their biological counterparts. Systems engineering evaluation of the neuron and neuromorphic computing are included. This paper focused on characterizing both and did not create a complete Systems Modeling Language (SysML) model. Instead, block definition diagrams, package diagrams, use case diagrams, and activity diagrams were utilized to help frame the systems engineering discussion. As noted by Schaeffer, there is no free lunch when creating neural networks. Having a neural network configured does not equate to a functional computing capability. There are external resources required to make it work. When considering the status of humankind created in the image of God, this suggests evidence that humans require more than biological neural networks to think (Schaeffer 2022). Creating a human brain in silicon is not possible. (Plebe 2015). There are plans for further exploration of the topics in this area. B. Answers to research questions In this subsection, the various elements discussed in this paper are drawn together to answer the three research questions proposed in the introduction. 1. Creation model and human mission insights How does a Creation Model provide additional insight and context for the implementation and mission of human beings? Since God created the heavens and the Earth, God the engineer had a master plan for His implementation. With human beings being made last as the crowning part of creation, there are many ways and many levels in which they engage with these resources. The creation model translates the creation narrative into an engineering format that is much easier to use for design evaluation. With this model and what is developed by the full compute stack model discussed next, there can be a comparison of some aspects of human beings in terms of the environment in which they were created to prosper within. Human beings indeed engage with the physical and biological world like other animals. Still, the capabilities they possess go far beyond basic living functions. With the resources available, individuals can create, design, and engineer many things that can improve their ability to fulfill their Imago Dei charter. Human beings transcend beyond just existing. They can leverage the physical and biological order laid out in creation to think in some ways as God does. They can create from the resources God has provided. 2. Full compute stack model modifications for human brain function What modifications to the full compute stack model are required to capture unique human brain function? Without modifications, our Imago Dei faculties cannot be captured with a full compute stack model. Human brain function above all other shows a clear differentiation from animals with the human spirit and the manifold engagements that occur with the Holy Spirit. The full compute stack model targets general computational purposes and has been demonstrated to capture capability layers in neuromorphic computing. It does not allow for distinguishing the difference between an animal and human beings with the additional insight given in Scripture about human nature. It might be possible to pursue a generative artificial intelligence-inspired approach that assumes every part of human faculties can be mapped exclusively into a physicalist implementation understanding of functions. This contradicts the level of agencies that is captured in the Imago Dei charter humanity has been given. Thus, there must be modifications to the model to allow for higher-level faculty that includes abstract thinking and the human spirit that animates the human body. 3. Neuron and neural network architectural modeling What observations about human brain function can be made from neuron and neural network architectural models? Much work has been done in both neuroscience and neuromorphic Table 3. Biological vs. Artificial Neural Network Capability Comparison CAPABILITY BIOLOGICAL ARTIFICIAL Power Power on Demand Power Continuously Energy Chemical Electrical Architecture 3D in Brain 2D (or 2.5D Stacking) in Chips Input & Output Grow Axonal Connections 2D Crossbar Interconnection Memory Embedded in Neurons Von Neumann Modules CPU Embedded in Neurons Von Neumann Modules Device Physics Signaling, Phosphorylation Semiconductor Properties Part Arch. Homogenous Neurons Heterogeneous IC Parts Learning Recruit Neurons Utilize More Modules Sensing Sensor to Sensor Neurons to Brain Sensor to Circuits to Neural Net Motor Control Brain to Motor Neurons to Muscle Neural Net to Circuits to Actuator JOHANSEN Human brain function and the creation model 2023 ICC 308
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