the global deposition of flora and fauna from the highest hills. Many flowering plants and large mammals that lived at higher elevation were buried in these rock layers. This shift in water flow direction also resulted in massive coal deposits trapped up against mountain fronts during the Tejas, like the Powder River basin coals, and also those pushed offshore Asia. In many locations, the lower Flood boundary is at the base of the Sauk megasequence, starting with Cambrian strata. But in other places, Flood deposits started below in the late Precambrian (PreSauk megasequence). And as the Flood water progressed upwards, reaching higher and higher pre-Flood elevations for the first time, it sometimes deposited Absaroka and/or Zuni megasequence sediments directly on basement, with no earlier Flood sedimentation beneath. We pick an upper Flood boundary near the top of the Neogene (Upper Cenozoic) for several reasons, but especially for two compelling reasons: 1) ocean lithosphere was still being actively produced throughout the Tejas megasequence (Paleogene and Neogene) with no indications that this mechanism slowed until the Pliocene, and 2) limestone rocks and other marine sediments were deposited continually from the Cretaceous System (Zuni megasequence) upward through the Miocene and even Pliocene (Neogene) across Turkey, Syria, Iraq, much of Europe, and the Middle East. These observations demonstrate that the mechanism for the Flood was not over at the K-Pg, and that the waters had not drained off the most likely locations for the Tower of Babel until late in the Neogene or after. The progressive Flood model also explains the near stoppage of the of the plates today as the original cold oceanic lithosphere has all been subducted away. By removing the density contrast necessary for continued runaway subduction, the driving mechanism for CPT vanished. Furthermore, the newly created hot seafloor caused the ocean water to absorb considerable heat, increasing the ocean’s average temperature significantly. The hotter ocean produced tremendous evaporation for hundreds of years after the Flood year. And the subduction zone volcanoes that peaked at the end of the Flood, and after, provided the aerosols necessary to cool the atmosphere, causing snow to fall in the high latitudes. These two conditions, caused by CPT, brought on the Ice Age. It was the steady build-up of snow and ice that lowered sea level by 120 meters below today’s level, creating temporary land bridges to nearly every continent. This allowed humans and large animals to repopulate the globe after the Flood. Finally, shifts in the global 87Sr/86Sr ratio confirm that rapid production of new seafloor was a major controlling factor in the progressive Flood, harmonizing with our interpretation. In conclusion, the progressive Flood model, utilizing CPT as the mechanism, explains why the water rose higher though the production of new seafloor during the Flood year, resulting in the step-by-step flooding of the continents. The results of the flooding are recorded directly in the rock record of the megasequences. Flood rocks show a steady increase in surface extent and in thickness, until peaking nearly simultaneously on all continents, and then a universal sudden shift to the offshore. CPT provides the best explanation for the near stoppage of the tectonic plates today and the conditions for the Ice Age after the Flood. REFERENCES Austin, S.A., J.R. Baumgardner, D.R. Humphreys, A.A. Snelling, L. Vardiman, and K.P. Wise. 1994. Catastrophic plate tectonics: A global Flood model of Earth history. In R.E. Walsh (editor), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, pp. 609-621. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Austin, S.A., and K.P. Wise. 1994. The pre-Flood/Flood boundary: As defined in Grand Canyon, Arizona and eastern Mojave Desert, California. In Walsh, R.E. (editor), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, pp. 37-47. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Barrick, W.D. 2008. Noah’s Flood and its Geological Implications. In Mortenson, T., and T.H. Ury, (editors), Coming to Grips with Genesis: Biblical Authority and the Age of the Earth, pp. 251-281. Green Forest, AR: Master Books. Barrick, W.D., and R. Sigler. 2003. Hebrew and geologic analyses of the chronology and parallelism of the Flood: Implications for interpretation of the geologic record. In R. L. Levy, Jr. (editor), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism, pp. 397-408. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Baumgardner, J. 1986. Numerical simulation of the large-scale tectonic changes accompanying the Flood. In R.E. Walsh, C.L. Brooks, and R.S. Crowell (editors), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Creationism, vol. 2, pp. 17-30. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Baumgardner, J.R. 1990. 3-D finite element simulation of the global tectonic changes accompanying Noah’s Flood. In R. E. Walsh and C. E. Brooks (editors), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Creationism Volume II, pp. 35-45. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Baumgardner, J.R. 1994a. Runaway subduction as the driving mechanism for the Genesis Flood. In R.E. Walsh (editor), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, pp. 63-75. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Baumgardner, J.R. 1994b. 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In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood, 9th ed. Phoenix, AZ: Center for Scientific Creation. Brownfield, M. E. and R. R. Charpentier. 2006. Geology and total petroleum systems of the West-Central Coastal Province (7203), West Africa. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2207-B:1-52. Campbell, I.H., and C.M. Allen. 2008. Formation of supercontinents linked to increases in atmospheric oxygen. Nature Geoscience 1, no. 8:554-558. Clarey, T. 2015a. Examining the floating forest hypothesis: a geological perspective. Journal of Creation 29, no. 3:50-55. Clarey, T. 2015b. Dinosaurs in marine sediments: a worldwide phenomenon. Acts & Facts 44, no. 6:16. Clarey, T. 2015c. Dinosaurs: Marvels of God’s Design. Green Forest, Arkansas: Master Books. Clarey, T. 2015d. The Whopper Sand. Acts & Facts. 44, no. 3:14. CLAREY AND WERNER Progressive Flood model 2023 ICC 442
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