and Trilophosauridae) and returns Pamelaria to the Azendohsauridae group (average silhouette width = 0.21). The green group contains the outgroup taxa, with Sarmatosuchus and Yarasuchus both having negative silhouette widths. D. Rhynchosauria The Pearson BDC results for the complete rhynchosaur dataset (Figure 11A) show shared positive correlation in a few different places. The rhynchosaurid taxa (including the hyperodapedontines) shared significant positive correlation, and there was only one instance of shared positive correlation with a “basal” rhynchosaur (Rhynchosaurus articeps and Eohyosaurus wolvaardti). The “basal” rhynchosaurs (Eohyosaurus, Howesia browni, Mesosuchus browni) share positive correlation except for Noteosuchus colletti, which shares no correlation with any taxon in the analysis. Mesosuchus shares positive correlation with the outgroup taxa via Prolacerta. The Spearman BDC for the complete rhynchosaur dataset (Figure 11B) has some instances of negative correlation. There are a few gaps in the rhynchosaurid block of positive correlation. Noteosuchus still lacks correlation with any other taxa in the analysis. The biggest difference between the Pearson and Spearman BDC plots is the negative correlation between the outgroup taxon Prolacerta and the rhynchosaurid species Teyumbaita sulcognathus and Isalorhynchus genovefae. Additionally, there are more instances of shared positive correlation between the “basal” rhynchosaurs and the outgroup taxa, and no instances of shared positive correlation between the “basal” rhynchosaurs and Rhynchosauridae. The 3D MDS results for the complete rhynchosaur dataset clarify and support the BDC results (Figure 12A). The outgroup taxa, colored red in the figure, cluster together at a large distance from the rhynchosaurs. The three basal rhynchosaurs (in green) experience some clustering, but, again, at a distance from the others. N. colletti is there in purple, right in the middle, not clustering with either the basal group, the hyperodapedontines, or the non-hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurids. Hyperodapedontinae (dark blue) and the rest of the Rhynchosauridae (light blue) cluster tightly together and also appear closer together than the other groups. The results of the PAM silhouette plot for the complete rhynchosaur dataset are inconclusive (Figure 13A). No matter how many groups are used (2-5), the average silhouette width is incredibly small, all of which are negative. The highest width occurred when there were two clusters with an average width of -0.07. The result from FANNY with the highest average silhouette width (0.48) is at four groups. These four groups are the non-hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs (red), the hyperodapedontines (yellow), the “basal” rhynchosaurs (blue), and the outgroup (green). The average widths of each group are, respectively, 0.31, 0.55, 0.54, and 0.63. Noteosuchus is in the hyperodapedontine group, but its silhouette width is nearly 0. The Pearson BDC results (Figure 11C) for the dataset excluding the poorly known taxa (Noteosuchus, Eohyosaurus, and Langeronyx) has three groups of positive correlation, which are negatively correlated with the other two groups in most cases (except one instance of shared positive correlation between Prolacerta and Mesosuchus, as well as some instances of no correlation). One group includes all Figure 4. 3D multidimensional scaling (MDS) results for the “Protorosauria” subset dataset in two views: A and B. Blue represents outgroup taxa and Protorosaurus, whereas purple represents Tanystropheidae + Dinocephalosauridae. sauromorph Protorosaurus is in the red group also with a negative average silhouette value. The three-group model (Figure 5B) splits the outgroup taxa into blue (Rhynchocephalia) and red (the rest of the outgroup) groups. The same unusual situation is retained with Cteniogenys and Protorosaurus, respectively. Adding a fourth group (Figure 5C) lowers the average silhouette value to 0.16 and results in splitting up the Tanystropheidae from the Dinocephalosauridae, including separating the two Macrocnemus species from each other. FANNY at two groups had an average silhouette value of 0.26 (Figure 6), and the program failed to run the analysis at any higher group number. The groups split into Tanystropheidae + Dinocephalosauridae (green) and the outgroup taxa (red). Protorosaurus is in the red group, but it has a negative average silhouette value. C. Allokotosauria The Pearson BDC results for the Allokotosauria subset dataset (Figure 7a) show two blocks of positive correlation (Azendohsauridae and Trilophosauridae) and four taxa that do not positively correlate with any other taxa in the analysis (the three outgroup taxa and Malerisaurus). The Spearman BDC (Figure 7B) shows the azendohsaurid and trilophosaurid blocks connected by positive correlation between Spinosuchus and Malerisaurus. The three outgroup taxa still do not positively correlate with any other taxon. MDS results (Figure 8) for the Allokotosauria subset dataset show two clusters, one tightly clustered in purple (Allokotosauria) and the other diffusely clustered in blue (outgroup). Trilophosaurids and azendohsaurids form their own small clusters, but there is no significant gap between the two. The PAM results (Figure 9) for the Allokotosauria subset dataset shows the distinction between Allokotosauria and outgroups when analyzing with two groups (average silhouette width = 0.3). At 3 groups (Figure 8B), the outgroup taxa are split into two groups with Allokotosauria still in a single group (average silhouette of 0.28). The FANNY results for the Allokotosauria subset dataset at two groups (Figure 10A; average silhouette width = 0.2) shows Allokotosauria as one group and the outgroup in the other, except for the azendohsaurid Pamelaria, which is in the green group, but with a very large negative silhouette width. FANNY at three groups (Figure 10B) separates Allokotosauria into two groups (Azendohsauridae MCLAIN, CLAUSEN, PEREZ, BEEBE, AND AHTEN Archosauromorph Baraminology 2023 ICC 494
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