The Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Creationism (2023)

(at today’s measured rate) being required to generate good visible radiohalos. VI. CONCLUSIONS As a physical record of radioactive decay that occurred in granites and metamorphic rocks through earth history radiohalos potentially provide clues as to when the accelerated 238U decay occurred within the Biblical framework of earth history, the demarcation of the preFlood/Flood and Flood/post-Flood boundaries in the rock record, and the activity of hydrothermal fluids during the Flood. The occurrence and frequency of radiohalos data was selected for some 147 granites and regional metamorphic rocks spanning the conventional geologic timescale from 33-3200 Ma whose samples followed a protocol of similar numbers of slides scanned for radiohalos per sample averaged accordingly so as to provide statistically robust comparisons between rock units. The following conclusions were derived from interpretation of the plotted results of radiohalos frequency versus conventional geologic age for the sampled rock units: (1) The plotted radiohalos frequencies only record the episode of fiveorders-of-magnitude accelerated 238U decay that occurred during the Flood as heat generated by that accelerated decay would likely have annealed any previously-generated radiohalos in pre-Flood rocks. (2) The plotted radiohalos frequency data are consistent with the pre-Flood/Flood boundary being approximately at the Precambrian/ Cambrian boundary in the rock record. (3) The three small peaks in the radiohalos frequencies in Precambrian granites and metamorphic rocks may coincide with the grossly accelerated tectonic activity of God’s supernatural creative work on Days 1, 2 and 3 of the Creation Week. (4) The highest peak in the radiohalos frequency data in the first half of the Phanerozoic coincides with the formation of granites and regional metamorphic rocks during the catastrophic plate tectonics of the Flood. (5) The radiohalos frequencies are also related to the differing amounts of hydrothermal fluid activity in all the various granites and regional metamorphic rocks during the Flood (6) Some of the highest radiohalos numbers are in granites associated with hydrothermal metallic ore veins consistent with the highest radiohalos numbers being indicative of hydrothermal fluid activity. (7) The reason that there are relatively higher radiohalos numbers in some Precambrian regional metamorphic rocks compared to the Precambrian granites may be due to more biotite grains being in those rocks facilitating the generation of many new radiohalos during the Flood as heat from accelerated 238U decay activated water more easily permeating those biotite flakes. (8) The radiohalos frequency data are unable to distinguish the location of the Flood/post-Flood boundary in the geologic record as 100 million years’ worth of accelerated 238U decay (at today’s measured rate) are needed to generate good visible radiohalos. While more samples providing more radiohalos frequency data would infill blank spaces in the spread of data across the geologic timescale and rock record, it is unlikely that these conclusions will be significantly changed. On the hand, further data may enhance and/or add to these conclusions. Thus, further work is encouraged. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many willing people gave various assistance over many years to obtain these radiohalos data. Michael Oard, Peter Klevberg, Kurt Wise, Paul Garner, Peter Salkeld, Tom Vail, Dallel Gates, Larry Vardiman, Lior Regev, Darry Stansbury, Richard Bruce, John Whitmore, Ken Lawson, Jaemon Lee, Danny Faulkner, and members of my family either collected and submitted samples, or assisted with the necessary fieldwork. Mark Armitage is especially thanked for his painstaking work in preparing many slides over many years, and for meticulously scanning those slides to identify, count and tabulate the radiohalos, although a few samples were either processed by Dallel Gates and Sara Whitmore or by myself. However, I take full responsibility for the final tabulation of the radiohalos data here, and for plotting and interpreting the results. REFERENCES Armitage, M.H., and A.A. Snelling. 2008. Radiohalos and diamonds: Are diamonds really for ever? In A. A. Snelling (editor), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Creationism, pp. 323–334. 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The pre-Flood/Flood boundary: As defined in Grand Canyon and East Mojave. In R.E. Walsh (editor), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, pp.37-47. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Austin, S.A., J.R. Baumgardner, D.R. Humphreys, A. A. Snelling, L. Vardiman, and K.P. Wise. 1994. Catastrophic plate tectonics: A global Flood model of earth history. In R.E. Walsh (editor), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, pp.609-621. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Bagnall, K.W. 1957. Chemistry of the Rare Radioelements. London, UK: Butterworths. Bain, J.H.C., and J.J. Draper (compilers). 1997. North Queensland Geology. Canberra, Australia: Australian Geological Survey Organization; Brisbane, Australia: Geological Survey of Queensland. AGSO Bulletin 240. Bateman, P.C., and B.W. Chappell. 1979. Crystallization, fractionation, and solidification of the Tuolumne Intrusive Series, Yosemite National Park, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 90:465–482. Baumgardner, J.R. 2000. Distribution of radioactive isotopes in the earth. In L. Vardiman, A.A. Snelling, and E.F. Chaffin (editors), Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: A Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative, pp. 49-94. El Cajon, California: Institute for Creation Research; St Joseph, Missouri: Creation Research Society. Baumgardner, J.R. 2003. Catastrophic plate tectonics: The physics behind SNELLING Radiohalos through earth history 2023 ICC 557

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