Boundary A B C D E F G H I J Series System Erathem Eonothem Homerian/Gorstian 37 291 70 -20% 24% 15% Wenlock/Ludlow Gorstian/Ludfordian 38 511 126 80% 25% 3% Ludfordian/Pridoli 39 362 65 -48% -67% 18% -27% -68% 9 Ludlow/Pridoli Pridoli/Lochkovian 40 365 50 -23% 14% -24% Silurian/Devonian Lochkokian/Pragian 41 411 41 -18% 10% -27% Pragian/Emsian 42 597 47 15% 115% 8% -21% Emsian/Eifelian 43 588 49 4% 8% 6% 61% E Lo/M Devonian Eifelian/Givetian 44 694 88 80% 13% 52% 8 B Givetian/Frasnian 45 1277 73 -17% -90% 6% -55% 7 M/U Devonian Frasnian/Famennian 46 555 55 -25% 10% 73% 5 Famennian/Tournasian 47 532 23 -58% 4% -56% -68% 6 Devonian/Carboniferous Tournasian/Visean 48 519 22 -4% 4% -2% P Visean/Serpukhovian 49 219 9 -59% 4% -3% 6 E Serpukhovian/Bashkirian 50 317 10 11% 5333% 3% -23% B Mississippian/ Pennsylvanian Bashkirian/Moscovian 51 947 47 370% 5% 57% 649% Moscovian/Kasimovian 52 1503 127 170% 8% 70% Kasimovian/Gzhelian 53 707 167 31% 24% 180% P Gzhelian/Asselian 54 1377 226 35% 16% -31% -40% Carboniferous/Permian Asselian/Sakmarian 55 1807 257 14% 14% -13% Sakmarian/Artinskian 56 1970 333 30% 17% 19% 33% Artinskian/Kungurian 57 2533 478 44% 19% 12% Cisuralian/Guadalupian Kungurian/Roadian 58 3520 489 2% 14% -26% Roadian/Wordian 59 3056 479 -2% 16% 13% 19% Wordian/Capitanian 60 2979 493 3% 17% 6% Capitanian/Wuchiapingian 61 2276 278 -44% 12% -26% 4 Guadalupian/Lopingian Wuchiapingian/Changhsingian 62 2989 515 85% 17% 41% Changhsingian/Induan 63 2556 4 -99% 0.2% -99% 1 Permian/Triassic Induan/Olenekian 64 787 28 600% 4625% 4% 2173% 5743% Olenekian/Anisian 65 1714 87 211% 5% 43% Lo/M Triassic Anisian/Ladinian 66 2533 143 64% 6% 11% Ladinian/Carnian 67 2067 189 32% 9% 62% M/U Triassic Carnian/Norian 68 1812 106 -44% 6% -36% Norian/Rhaetian 69 1510 115 8% 8% 30% Rhaetian/Hettangian 70 1286 74 -36% 6% -24% 3 Triassic/Jurassic Hettangian/Sinemurian 71 406 81 9% 164% 20% 247% Sinemurian/Pliensbachian 72 1143 195 141% 17% -14% -61% Pliensbachian/Toarcian 73 1646 128 -34% -85% 8% -54% 12 Toarcian/Aalenian 74 1179 115 -10% 10% 25% 98% Lo/M Jurassic Aalenian/Bajocian 75 246 30 -74% 12% 25% E Bajocian/Bathonian 76 600 86 187% 963% 14% 18% Bathonian/Callovian 77 735 113 31% 15% 7% Callovian/Oxfordian 78 1592 239 112% 15% -2% -10% M/U Jurassic Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian 79 1711 238 0% 14% -7% Kimmeridgian/Tithonian 80 1437 319 34% 22% 60% B Tithonian/Berriasian 81 2293 171 -46% -87% 7% -66% 11 Jurassic/Cretaceous Berriasian/Valanginian 82 1034 133 -22% 13% 72% Table 1, continued WISE and RICHARDSON Biostratigraphic continuity and earth history 2023 ICC 614
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