Glossary of Terms 217 Bulimia nervosa: A clinical condition characterized by repeated and uncontrolled food binging in which a large number of calories are consumed followed by an immediate purge. Caloric balance: States the calories consumed through diet equals the calories expended through physical activity. Caloric density: Refers to the calorie content of food. Examples of calorie dense (in contrast to nutrient dense) foods include potato chips, desserts, and candy. Caloric expenditure: Refers to the number of calories expended during physical activity or exercise. Carbohydrate: One of the three essential macronutrients, along with fats and protein, used as an energy source by the body. Carbohydrates come in simple forms such as sugars and in complex forms such as starches and fiber. The body breaks down most sugars and starches into glucose, which the body uses to fuel the cells. Complex carbohydrates are derived from plants. Cardiac Output (CO): The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. Stroke volume and the heart rate determine cardiac output. Cardiovascular fitness: The ability of the heart and lungs to efficiently deliver oxygenated blood to the working muscles as well as the muscle’s ability to extract and use the oxygen being provided. Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules from simpler ones. Celiac disease: A disease in which the small intestine is hypersensitive to gluten thereby leading to issues with digestion. Chains: Are a method of strength training for advanced lifters in which chains are added to the bar thereby making the lockout portion of the lift more difficult. Circumference measurements (aka girth measurements): A method used to assess body composition that involves taking measurements at various sites in order to predict percent body fat. Circuit training (aka high-intensity resistance training): A method of strength training that combines six or more exercises performed with short rest periods between them for either a set number of repetitions or a prescribed amount of time. Cholesterol: Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. The body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help in digestion. The body can manufacture all the cholesterol it needs; however, cholesterol can also be found in food (animal products). High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease. Chronic sleep deprivation: Refers to the condition of getting insufficient sleep or experiencing sleeplessness over an extended period of time. Circadian biological clock: Refers to the 24-hour cycle regulating the timing of certain biological processes like eating, sleeping, and temperature. Complete protein: A protein food source that contains each of the nine essential amino acids. Examples of food sources with complete proteins are red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and quinoa.
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