Glossary of Terms 230 Tend-and-befriend response: Is an instinctive behavior exhibited by some individuals, generally females, in response to threat. It refers to protection of offspring (tending) and seeking out their social group for mutual defense (befriending). Thermic effect of food (TEF): Calories burned to digest food and accounts for roughly 10% of the total calories burned in a day. Time under tension (TUT): Refers to how long the muscle is under strain during a set. Tonic muscles: Flexor muscles and tend to get tighter with age. Torsion force: A force that causes twisting of the spine as a result of one segment turning about a longitudinal axis while the other is held fast or turned in the opposite direction. Trace minerals: Essential minerals that the human body must get from food, but unlike major minerals, they are only needed in very small amounts. Traction exercise: Refers to an exercise in which the range of motion unloads the spine by expanding the space between the intervertebral disks. Traditional resistance training: A type of strength training that uses a prescribed number of sets and reps per exercise in order to accomplish a specific goal (e.g., endurance, hypertrophy (size), strength, power). Trail-running shoes: Type of shoe designed for off-road runs that may include the presence of rocks, mud, roots and/or other obstacles. Trans fat: Type of fat that is created when liquid oils are changed into solid fats, like shortening and some margarines. This is done to make food last longer without going bad. Trans fat are found in crackers, cookies, and snack foods. Trans fat are believed to raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and lower HDL (good) cholesterol. Treadmill tempo run: New type of pace / tempo training aimed at targeting a desired run time for a specific race distance (e.g., 1-0-mile). Triglycerides: Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood. High levels of triglycerides may increase the risk of coronary artery heart disease, especially in women. Undulating (non-linear) periodization: An alternative method that involves large fluctuations in load and volume assignments. Valsalva maneuver: Particular method of breathing and bracing that increases intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) thereby providing additional support to the spine. Variation: Periodic rotation of exercises in order to prevent training plateaus and/or overtraining. Vegan: A person who does not eat or use animal products. Vegetarian: A person who does not eat meat, and sometimes other animal products. Venous return: Rate of blood flow back to the heart.
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