Figure 9. Orthogonal views of the 3D MDS results for the Jaccard distances using the LC character subset. 573 Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 127:41–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.010. Clarke, R.J., and K. Kuman. 2019. The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 134:102634. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005. DeSilva, J., E. McNutt, J. Benoit, and B. Zipfel. 2019. One small step: a review of Plio‒Pleistocene hominin foot evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168:63–140. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23750. Heaton, J.L., T.R. Pickering, K.J. Carlson, R.H. Crompton, T. Jashashvili, A. Beaudet, L. Bruxelles, K. Kuman, A.J. Heile, D. Stratford, and R.J. Clarke. 2019. The long limb bones of the StW 573 Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein Member 2: Descriptions and proportions. Journal of Human Evolution 133:167–197. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.015. Kitcher, P. 1987. Ghostly whispers: Mayr, Ghiselin, and the ‘philosophers’ on the ontological status of species. Biology and Philosophy 2:184–192. DOI: 10.1007/BF00057962. Lubenow, M.L. 2004. Bones of Contention: A Creationist Assessment of Human Fossils, revised ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books. Mayr, E. 1969. The biological meaning of species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1:311–320. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb00123.x. McHenry, H.M., and A.L. Jones. 2006. Hallucial convergence in early hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 50:534–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.12.008. Menton, D. 2005. Did humans really evolve from apelike creatures? In War of the Worldviews, pp. 43–58. Green Forest, Arkansas: Master Books. O’Micks, J. 2016. Reply to “Taxon sample in hominin baraminology: a response to O’Micks.” Answers Research Journal 9:373–375. Powers, J. 2013. Finding Ernst Mayr’s Plato. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44:714–723. DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.09.007. Rana, F., and H. Ross. 2015. Who Was Adam? A Creation Model Approach to the Origin of Humanity, revised ed. RTB Press. Ross, M. R., P.S. Brummel, and T.C. Wood. 2023. Human history from Adam to Abraham: Integrating paleoanthropology with a young-age creation perspective In J.H. Whitmore (editor), Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Creationism, pp. 66-87. Cedarville, Ohio: Cedarville University International Conference on Creationism. Williams, A. 2004. Baraminology, biology, and the Bible. TJ 18, no. 2:53– 54. Winsor, M.P. 2006. The creation of the essentialism story: an exercise in metahistory. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 28:149–174. Wood, T. 2020. An expanded character set for evaluating the phylogenetic position of Homo floresiensis. In S.R. Leigh (editor), Program of the 89th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists April 15–18, 2020, p. 312. Los Angeles: American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Wood, T.C., K.P. Wise, R. Sanders, and N. Doran. 2003. A refined baramin concept. Occasional Papers of the BSG 3:1–14. THE AUTHOR Todd Charles Wood is a researcher, teacher, and lecturer with twenty years’ experience working in young-age creationism. He is especially known for his studies of created kinds and fossil hominins. He is currently president of Core Academy of Science and resides in Dayton, Tennessee, home of the Scopes Trial. WOOD Essentialism and Human Kind 2023 ICC 102
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