one of the hybridizing partners than hybridizing species are to one another. With these connections, we can include all of these species in a single monobaramin. Two additional species not represented in the mitochondrial genome comparisons can also be connected to this group by records of hybridization: Hy. muelleri (which hybridizes with Symphalangus and two other species of Hylobates) and N. hainanus (which hybridizes with N. leucogenys). The remaining hylobatid species can be included based on DNA analysis that reveals a close relationship with congeneric members of the monobaramin (Whittaker et al. 2007; Thinh et al. 2010). Morphological analysis. To extend our baraminological analysis to the fossil record, we evaluated four character matrices using standard procedures of statistical baraminology and cluster analysis. The first matrix was published by Martin et al. (2021) and offers an additional perspective on the genus Paranthropus, which has consistently been identified as a holobaramin in previous analyses. All taxa were used in the present analysis. Distance correlation results are shown in Figure 1. Using Pearson correlation, the four Paranthropus taxa represent a well-defined group separate from all other taxa, using both simple matching and Jaccard distances. The remaining taxa fall into a more or less heterogeneous cluster. Using Spearman correlation, Table 3. Hylobatidae hybridogram and mitochondrial DNA differences. Each cell contains the percent difference from a whole mtDNA comparison and the transition/transversion ratio to the nearest integer. Bright green cells represent a reported hybrid, light green cells are species within the genetic distance of the hybridizing species. Interspecific hybrids are reported by Arnold and Meyer (2006), Baicharoen et al. (2010), Chatterjee (2009), Chiarelli (1973), Couturier et al. (1982), Couturier and Lernould (1991), Geissmann (1984), Geissmann et al. (2013), Harding (2012), Hirai et al. (2007), Myers and Shafer (1979), Nie et al. (2018), Pellicciari et al. (1988), and Tenaza (1985). Hy_agilis Hy_moloch Hy_lar Hy_pileatus Hy_klossii Hy_muelleri Ho_leuconedys Ho_hoolock Symphalangus N_leucogenys N_siki N_gabriellae N_concolor N_annamensis N_hainanus N_nasutus Hy_agilis Hy_moloch 5.8% 15 Hy_lar 6.1% 13 5.8% 13 Hy_pileatus 6.8% 15 6.2% 14 6.3% 13 Hy_klossii Hy_muelleri Ho_leuconedys 9.6% 8 9.3% 8 9.4% 8 9.5% 9 Ho_hoolock 9.6% 8 9.3% 8 9.3% 8 9.4% 8 2.6% 12 Symphalangus 9.4% 7 9.1% 7 9.1% 7 8.9% 7 8.2% 9 8.3% 8 N_leucogenys 10.4% 7 10.1% 7 10.3% 7 10.2% 7 9.8% 8 9.7% 8 9.6% 7 N_siki 10.4% 7 10.1% 7 10.3% 7 10.1% 7 9.8% 8 9.7% 9 9.5% 7 0.9% 19 N_gabriellae 10.5% 7 10.4% 7 10.4% 7 10.2% 7 9.8% 8 9.7% 9 9.6% 7 2.6% 20 2.6% 24 N_concolor 9.5% 9 9.3% 9 9.3% 9 9.1% 9 8.9% 10 8.7% 9 8.8% 9 2.9% 19 2.9% 21 3.1% 20 N_annamensis N_hainanus N_nasutus BRUMMEL AND WOOD Preliminary Evaluation of Ape Baramins 2023 ICC 149
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