The Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Creationism (2023)

Fitzgerald, E. Garrison, A. Marcketta, D. Mittelman, M. Romanovitch, C. Zhang, X. Zheng-Bradley, G.R. Abecasis, S.A. McCarroll, P. Flicek, P.A. Underhill, L. Coin, D.R. Zerbino, F. Yang, C. Lee, L. Clarke, A. Auton, Y. Erlich, R.E. Handsaker, 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, C.D. Bustamante, and C. Tyler-Smith. 2016. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics 48:593–599. DOI: 10.1038/ng.3559. Remine, W.J. 2005. Cost theory and the cost of substitution—a clarification. Journal of Creation 19, no. 1:113–125. Rieux, A., A. Eriksson, L. Mingkun, B. Sobkowiak, L.A. Weinert, V. Warmuth, A. Ruiz-Linares, A. Manica, and F. Balloux. 2014. Improved calibration of the human mitochondrial clock using ancient genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31:2780–2792. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/ msu222. Rupe, C.L. and J.C. Sanford. 2013. Using numerical simulation to better understand fixation rates, and establishment of a new principle: Haldane’s Ratchet. In M. Horstemeyer (editor), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Creationism, article 32. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Sanford, J., J. Baumgardner, W. Brewer, P. Gibson, and W. ReMine. 2018. Mendel’s Accountant: a biologically realistic forward-time population genetics program. Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 8, no. 2:147–165. Sanford, J.C. 2014. Genetic Entropy, Fourth Edition. Geneva, NY: FMS Publications. Sanford, J., R. Carter, W. Brewer, J. Baumgardner, B. Potter, and J. Potter. 2018. Adam, Eve, designed diversity, and allele frequencies. In J.H. Whitmore (editor), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, pp. 200–216. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Wieland, C. 1998. A shrinking date for Eve. Journal of Creation 12, no. 1:1–3. Wieland, C. 2009. Mitochondrial Eve and biblical Eve are looking good: criticism of young age is premature. Retrieved October 20, 2022, from https://creation.com/mitochondrial-eve-and-biblical-eve-are-lookinggood-criticism-of-young-age-is-premature. Xu, S., S. Schaack, A. Seyfert, E. Choi, M. Lynch, and M.E. Cristescu. 2012. High Mutation Rates in the Mitochondrial Genomes of Daphnia pulex. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, no. 2:763–769. DOI: 10.1093/ molbev/msr243. THE AUTHOR Robert Carter received his PhD from the University of Miami in 2003. With a background in genetics, gene cloning and sequencing, and transgenics, he soon began to work on the GENE project team (ICR), then as a speaker for Creation Ministries International. Over the years, he has published multiple papers directed toward building a biblical model of human genetic history. CARTER Genealogical vs. phylogenetic mutation rates 2023 ICC 180

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