Glossary of Terms 217 as starches and fiber. The body breaks down most sugars and starches into glucose, which the body uses to fuel the cells. Complex carbohydrates are derived from plants. Cardiac Output (CO): The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. Stroke volume and the heart rate determine cardiac output. Cardiovascular fitness: The ability of the heart and lungs to efficiently deliver oxygenated blood to the working muscles as well as the muscle’s ability to extract and use the oxygen being provided. Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules from simpler ones. Celiac disease: A disease in which the small intestine is hypersensitive to gluten thereby leading to issues with digestion. Chains: Are a method of strength training for advanced lifters in which chains are added to the bar thereby making the lockout portion of the lift more difficult. Circumference measurements (aka girth measurements): A method used to assess body composition that involves taking measurements at various sites in order to predict percent body fat. Cholesterol: Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. The body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help in digestion. The body can manufacture all the cholesterol it needs; however, cholesterol can also be found in food (animal products). High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease. Chronic sleep deprivation: Refers to the condition of getting insufficient sleep or experiencing sleeplessness over an extended period of time. Circadian biological clock: Refers to the 24-hour cycle regulating the timing of certain biological processes like eating, sleeping, and temperature. Complete protein: A protein food source that contains each of the nine essential amino acids. Examples of food sources with complete proteins are red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and quinoa. Complex carbohydrates: Excess glucose linked together for storage. Compound exercise (aka core exercise): A movement that recruits one or more major muscle groups (e.g., pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, quadriceps) and involves two or more joints. Compression exercise: Refers to an exercise that directly loads the spine thereby causing compression of the intervertebral discs. Compression force (aka compressive force): A force that presses inward on a segment of the spine that causes it to become compacted. Concentric contraction: A type of muscle activation that increases tension on a muscle as it shortens. Conditional amino acids: Are considered conditionally essential because their synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions. The six conditional amino acids are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline, and tyrosine.
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